refactor extmark to its own file

cull test-dependency

.busted

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 return {
   _all = {
+    coverage = false,
     lpath = "lua/?.lua;lua/?/init.lua",
     lua = "nvim -u NONE -i NONE -l",
   },

.emmyrc.json

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EmmyLuaLs/emmylua-analyzer-rust/refs/heads/main/crates/emmylua_code_analysis/resources/schema.json",
-  "diagnostics": {
-    "disable": [
-      "access-invisible",
-      "redefined-local"
-    ]
-  },
-  "runtime": {
-    "version": "LuaJIT"
-  },
-  "workspace": {
-    "ignoreDir": [
-      ".prefix"
-    ],
-    "library": [
-      "$VIMRUNTIME",
-      "library/busted",
-      "library/luv"
-    ]
-  }
-}

.github/workflows/ci.yaml

@@ -1,60 +1,29 @@
 # yaml-language-server: $schema=https://json.schemastore.org/github-workflow.json
-name: ci
-
-on:
-  workflow_dispatch:
-  pull_request:
-  push:
-    tags: ["*"]
-    branches: ["*"]
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
-env:
-  MISE_EXPERIMENTAL: true
-
+name: NeoVim tests
+on: [push]
 jobs:
-  ci:
+  code-quality:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    timeout-minutes: 10
+    env:
+      XDG_CONFIG_HOME: ${{ github.workspace }}/.config/
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v31
         with:
-          submodules: true
+          nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixos-unstable
 
-      - name: Install apt dependencies
-        run: |
-          sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt-get install -y libreadline-dev
+      - name: Populate Nix store
+        run:
+          nix-shell --pure --run 'true'
 
-      - name: Setup environment
-        run: |
-          if [ -n "${{secrets.TOKEN}}" ]; then
-            export GITHUB_TOKEN="${{secrets.TOKEN}}"
-          fi
-          export MISE_GITHUB_TOKEN="$GITHUB_TOKEN"
-          echo "$GITHUB_TOKEN" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "$MISE_GITHUB_TOKEN" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Type-check with lua-language-server
+        run:
+          nix-shell --pure --run 'make lint'
 
-      - name: Install mise
-        run: |
-          curl https://mise.run | sh
-          echo "$HOME/.local/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-          echo "$HOME/.local/share/mise/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-          echo "$HOME/.local/share/mise/shims" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+      - name: Check formatting with stylua
+        run:
+          nix-shell --pure --run 'make fmt-check'
 
-      - name: Install mise dependencies
-        run: |
-          mise install
-          mise list --local
-
-      - name: Check Lua formatting
-        run: mise run fmt:check
-
-      - name: Check for type-errors
-        run: mise run lint
-
-      - name: Run tests
-        run: mise run test:all
+      - name: Run busted tests
+        run:
+          nix-shell --pure --run 'make test'

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-.prefix/
 *.src.rock
 *.aider*
 luacov.*.out

.gitmodules

@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-[submodule "library/busted"]
-	path = library/busted
-	url = https://github.com/LuaCATS/busted
-	branch = main
-[submodule "library/luv"]
-	path = library/luv
-	url = https://github.com/LuaCATS/luv
-	branch = main

.luacheckrc

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- :vim set ft=lua
+globals = { "vim" }

.luacov

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 return {
   include = {
-    'lua/u$',
+    'lua/u/',
   },
   tick = true,
 }

.styluaignore

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-library/

.woodpecker/ci.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+when:
+  - event: push
+
+steps:
+  - name: build
+    image: nixos/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --pure --run 'make lint'
+      - nix-shell --pure --run 'make fmt-check'
+      - nix-shell --pure --run 'make test'

AGENTS.md

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# AGENTS.md
-
-## Project
-
-Single-file Neovim Lua micro-library (`lua/u.lua`) for range-based text operations, positions, operator-pending mappings, and text objects. Not a plugin — meant to be vendored by other plugins.
-
-## Commands
-
-All tasks use `mise`:
-
-- `mise run fmt` — format (stylua)
-- `mise run fmt:check` — check formatting
-- `mise run lint` — type-check with `emmylua_check` (ignores `.prefix/`)
-- `mise run test` — run busted against Neovim 0.12.1 (includes `test:prepare`)
-- `mise run test:all` — test against 0.11.5, 0.12.1, and nightly
-- `mise run test:coverage` — test with luacov (only covers `lua/u$`)
-- `mise run ci` — `fmt:check` → `lint` → `test:all`
-
-Run a single spec file: `busted spec/u_spec.lua` (after `mise run test:prepare`).
-
-## Architecture
-
-- **`lua/u.lua`** — the entire library (~1300 lines): `Pos`, `Range`, `opkeymap`, `define_txtobj`, `ucmd`, `repeat_`
-- **`spec/u_spec.lua`** — all tests in one file
-- **`library/`** — type stubs for busted/luv (stylua-ignored, used by emmylua)
-- **`.prefix/`** — neovim version installs managed by `nvimv` (git-ignored, emmylua-ignored)
-- **`examples/`** — usage examples (surround, splitjoin, text-objects, matcher)
-
-## Conventions
-
-- **1-based indexing** everywhere (v2+). `Pos.from00()` / `Range.from00()` convert from 0-based Neovim API values.
-- Stylua: LuaJIT syntax, single quotes, no call parens, 2-space indent, sort requires, 100 col width
-- Tests run inside Neovim via busted's `lua = "nvim -u NONE -i NONE -l"` (set in `.busted`)
-- `test:prepare` installs busted rocks via `luarocks test --prepare` and manages nightly Neovim via `nvimv`

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+all: lint fmt-check test
+
+lint:
+	@echo "## Typechecking"
+	@lua-language-server --check=lua/u/ --checklevel=Error
+
+fmt-check:
+	@echo "## Checking code format"
+	@stylua --check .
+
+fmt:
+	@echo "## Formatting code"
+	@stylua .
+
+test:
+	@rm -f luacov.*.out
+	@echo "## Running tests"
+	@busted --coverage --verbose
+	@echo "## Generating coverage report"
+	@luacov
+	@awk '/^Summary$$/{flag=1;next} flag{print}' luacov.report.out
+
+watch:
+	@watchexec -c -e lua make

README.md

@@ -1,92 +1,235 @@
 # u.nvim
 
-Welcome to **u.nvim** - a Lua library for text manipulation in Neovim, focusing on
-range-based text operations, positions, and operator-pending mappings.
+Welcome to **u.nvim** - a powerful Lua library designed to enhance your text
+manipulation experience in NeoVim, focusing on text-manipulation utilities.
+This includes a `Range` utility, allowing you to work efficiently with text
+selections based on various conditions, as well as a declarative `Render`-er,
+making coding and editing more intuitive and productive.
 
-This is a **single-file micro-library** meant to be vendored in your plugin or
-config. On its own, `u.nvim` does nothing. It is meant to be used by plugin
-authors to make their lives easier. To get an idea of what a plugin built on
-top of `u.nvim` would look like, check out the [examples/](./examples/) directory.
+This is meant to be used as a **library**, not a plugin. On its own, `u.nvim`
+does nothing. It is meant to be used by plugin authors, to make their lives
+easier based on the variety of utilities I found I needed while growing my
+NeoVim config. To get an idea of what a plugin built on top of `u.nvim` would
+look like, check out the [examples/](./examples/) directory.
 
 ## Features
 
-- **Range Utility**: Get context-aware selections with ease. Replace regions with
-  new text. Think of it as a programmatic way to work with visual selections.
-- **Position Utilities**: Work with cursor positions, marks, and extmarks.
-- **Operator Key Mapping**: Flexible key mapping that works with motions.
-- **Text Object Definitions**: Define custom text objects easily.
-- **User Command Helpers**: Create commands with range support.
-- **Repeat Utilities**: Dot-repeat support for custom operations.
+- **Rendering System**: a utility that can declaratively render NeoVim-specific
+  hyperscript into a buffer, supporting creating/managing extmarks, highlights,
+  and key-event handling (requires NeoVim >0.11)
+- **Signals**: a simple dependency tracking system that pairs well with the
+  rendering utilities for creating reactive/interactive UIs in NeoVim.
+- **Range Utility**: Get context-aware selections with ease. Replace regions
+  with new text. Think of it as a programmatic way to work with visual
+  selections (or regions of text).
+- **Code Writer**: Write code with automatic indentation and formatting.
+- **Operator Key Mapping**: Flexible key mapping that works with the selected
+  text.
+- **Text and Position Utilities**: Convenient functions to manage text objects
+  and cursor positions.
 
 ### Installation
 
-This being a library, and not a proper plugin, it is recommended that you vendor
-the specific version of this library that you need, including it in your code.
-Package managers are a developing landscape for Lua in the context of NeoVim.
-Perhaps in the future, `lux` will eliminate the need to vendor this library in
-your application code.
+This being a library, and not a proper plugin, it is recommended that you
+vendor the specific version of this library that you need, including it in your
+code. Package managers are a developing landscape for Lua in the context of
+NeoVim. Perhaps in the future, `lux` will eliminate the need to vendor this
+library in your application code.
 
-#### If you are a Plugin Author
+## Signal and Rendering Usage
 
-Neovim does not have a good answer for automatic management of plugin dependencies. As such, it is recommended that library authors vendor u.nvim within their plugin. **u.nvim** is implemented in a single file, so this should be relatively painless. Furthermore, `lua/u.lua` versions are published into artifact tags `artifact-vX.Y.Z` as `init.lua` so that plugin authors can add u.nvim as a submodule to their plugin.
+### Overview
+
+The Signal and Rendering mechanisms are two subsystems of u.nvim, that, while
+simplistic, [compose](./examples/counter.lua) [together](./examples/filetree.lua)
+[powerfully](./examples/picker.lua) to create a system for interactive and
+responsive user interfaces. Here is a quick example that show-cases how easy it
+is to dive in to make any buffer an interactive UI:
 
 <details>
-<summary>Example git submodule setup</summary>
-
-```bash
-# In your plugin repository
-git submodule add -- https://github.com/jrop/u.nvim lua/my_plugin/u
-cd lua/my_plugin/u/
-git checkout artifact-v0.2.0 # put whatever version of u.nvim you want to pin here
-# ... commit the submodule within your repo
-
-# This would place u.nvim@v0.2.0 at:
-# lua/my_plugin/u/init.lua
-```
-
-Then in your plugin code:
+<summary>Example Code: counter.lua</summary>
 
 ```lua
-local u = require('my_plugin.u')
+local tracker = require 'u.tracker'
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local h = require('u.renderer').h
 
-local Pos = u.Pos
-local Range = u.Range
--- etc.
-```
+-- Create an buffer for the UI
+vim.cmd.vnew()
+local ui_buf = Buffer.current()
+ui_buf:set_tmp_options()
 
-This approach allows plugin authors to:
-- Pin to specific versions of u.nvim
-- Get updates by pulling/committing new **u.nvim** versions (i.e., the usual git submodule way)
-- Keep the dependency explicit and version-controlled
-- Avoid namespace conflicts with user-installed plugins
+local s_count = tracker.create_signal(0)
 
-</details>
+-- Effect: Render
+-- Setup the effect for rendering the UI whenever dependencies are updated
+tracker.create_effect(function()
+  -- Calling `Signal:get()` in an effect registers the given signal as a
+  -- dependency of the current effect. Whenever that signal (or any other
+  -- dependency) changes, the effect will rerun. In this particular case,
+  -- rendering the UI is an effect that depends on one signal.
+  local count = s_count:get()
 
-#### If you are a User
+  -- Markup is hyperscript, which is just 1) text, and 2) tags (i.e.,
+  -- constructed with `h(...)` calls). To help organize the markup, text and
+  -- tags can be nested in tables at any depth. Line breaks must be specified
+  -- manually, with '\n'.
+  ui_buf:render {
+    'Reactive Counter Example\n',
+    '========================\n\n',
 
-If you want to use u.nvim in your config directly:
+    { 'Counter: ', tostring(count), '\n' },
 
-<details>
-<summary>vim.pack</summary>
+    '\n',
 
-```lua
-vim.pack.add { 'https://github.com/jrop/u.nvim' }
+    {
+      h('text', {
+        hl = 'DiffDelete',
+        nmap = {
+          ['<CR>'] = function()
+            -- Update the contents of the s_count signal, notifying any
+            -- dependencies (in this case, the render effect):
+            vim.schedule(function()
+              s_count:update(function(n) return n - 1 end)
+            end)
+            -- Also equivalent: s_count:set(s_count:get() - 1)
+            return ''
+          end,
+        },
+      }, ' Decrement '),
+      ' ',
+      h('text', {
+        hl = 'DiffAdd',
+        nmap = {
+          ['<CR>'] = function()
+            -- Update the contents of the s_count signal, notifying any
+            -- dependencies (in this case, the render effect):
+            vim.schedule(function()
+              s_count:update(function(n) return n + 1 end)
+            end)
+            -- Also equivalent: s_count:set(s_count:get() - 1)
+            return ''
+          end,
+        },
+      }, ' Increment '),
+    },
+
+    '\n',
+    '\n',
+    { 'Press <CR> on each "button" above to increment/decrement the counter.' },
+  }
+end)
 ```
 
 </details>
 
-<details>
-<summary>lazy.nvim</summary>
+### `u.tracker`
+
+The `u.tracker` module provides a simple API for creating reactive variables.
+These can be composed in Effects and Memos utilizing Execution Contexts that
+track what signals are used by effects/memos.
 
 ```lua
+local tracker = require('u.tracker')
+
+local s_number = tracker.Signal:new(0)
+-- auto-compute the double of the number each time it changes:
+local s_doubled = tracker.create_memo(function() return s_number:get() * 2 end)
+tracker.create_effect(function()
+  local n = s_doubled:get()
+  -- ...
+  -- whenever s_doubled changes, this function gets run
+end)
+```
+
+**Note**: circular dependencies are **not** supported.
+
+### `u.renderer`
+
+The renderer library renders hyperscript into a buffer. Each render performs a
+minimal set of changes in order to transform the current buffer text into the
+desired state.
+
+**Hyperscript** is just 1) _text_ 2) `<text>` tags, which can be nested in 3)
+Lua tables for readability:
+
+```lua
+local h = require('u.renderer').h
+-- Hyperscript can be organized into tables:
 {
-  'jrop/u.nvim',
-  lazy = true,
+  "Hello, ",
+  {
+    "I am ", { "a" }, " nested table.",
+  },
+  '\n', -- newlines must be explicitly specified
+
+  -- booleans/nil are ignored:
+  some_conditional_flag and 'This text only shows when the flag is true',
+  -- e.g., use the above to show newlines in lists:
+  idx > 1 and '\n',
+
+  -- <text> tags are specified like so:
+  -- h('text', attributes, children)
+  h('text', {}, "I am a text node."),
+
+  -- <text> tags can be highlighted:
+  h('text', { hl = 'Comment' }, "I am highlighted."),
+
+  -- <text> tags can respond to key events:
+  h('text', {
+    hl = 'Keyword',
+    nmap = {
+      ["<CR>"] = function()
+        print("Hello World")
+        -- Return '' to swallow the event:
+        return ''
+      end,
+    },
+  }, "I am a text node."),
 }
 ```
 
-</details>
+Managing complex tables of hyperscript can be done more ergonomically using the
+`TreeBuilder` helper class:
 
+```lua
+local TreeBuilder = require('u.renderer').TreeBuilder
+
+-- ...
+renderer:render(
+  TreeBuilder.new()
+    -- text:
+    :put('some text')
+    -- hyperscript tables:
+    :put({ 'some text', 'more hyperscript' })
+    -- hyperscript tags:
+    :put_h('text', { --[[attributes]] }, { --[[children]] })
+    -- callbacks:
+    --- @param tb TreeBuilder
+    :nest(function(tb)
+      tb:put('some text')
+    end)
+    :tree()
+)
+```
+
+**Rendering**: The renderer library provides a `render` function that takes
+hyperscript in, and converts it to formatted buffer text:
+
+```lua
+local Renderer = require('u.renderer').Renderer
+local renderer = Renderer:new(0 --[[buffer number]])
+renderer:render {
+  -- ...hyperscript...
+}
+
+-- or, if you already have a buffer:
+local Buffer = require('u.buffer')
+local buf = Buffer.current()
+buf:render {
+  -- ...hyperscript...
+}
+```
 
 ## Range Usage
 
@@ -122,17 +265,17 @@ interop conversions when calling `:api` functions.
 
 ### 1. Creating a Range
 
-The `Range` utility is the main feature of this library. Ranges can be constructed
-manually, or preferably, obtained based on a variety of contexts.
+The `Range` utility is the main feature upon which most other things in this
+library are built, aside from a few standalone utilities. Ranges can be
+constructed manually, or preferably, obtained based on a variety of contexts.
 
 ```lua
-local u = require 'u'
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+local start = Pos.new(0, 1, 1) -- Line 1, first column
+local stop = Pos.new(0, 3, 1) -- Line 3, first column
 
-local start = u.Pos.new(nil, 1, 1) -- Line 1, first column
-local stop = u.Pos.new(nil, 3, 1)  -- Line 3, first column
-
-u.Range.new(start, stop, 'v') -- charwise selection
-u.Range.new(start, stop, 'V') -- linewise selection
+Range.new(start, stop, 'v') -- charwise selection
+Range.new(start, stop, 'V') -- linewise selection
 ```
 
 This is usually not how you want to obtain a `Range`, however. Usually you want
@@ -140,23 +283,21 @@ to get the corresponding context of an edit operation and just "get me the
 current Range that represents this context".
 
 ```lua
-local u = require 'u'
-
 -- get the first line in a buffer:
-u.Range.from_line(bufnr, 1)
+Range.from_line(bufnr, 1)
 
 -- Text Objects (any text object valid in your configuration is supported):
 -- get the word the cursor is on:
-u.Range.from_motion('iw')
+Range.from_motion('iw')
 -- get the WORD the cursor is on:
-u.Range.from_motion('iW')
+Range.from_motion('iW')
 -- get the "..." the cursor is within:
-u.Range.from_motion('a"')
+Range.from_motion('a"')
 
 -- Get the currently visually selected text:
 -- NOTE: this does NOT work within certain contexts; more specialized utilities
 -- are more appropriate in certain circumstances
-u.Range.from_vtext()
+Range.from_vtext()
 
 --
 -- Get the operated on text obtained from a motion:
@@ -164,7 +305,7 @@ u.Range.from_vtext()
 --
 --- @param ty 'char'|'line'|'block'
 function MyOpFunc(ty)
-  local range = u.Range.from_op_func(ty)
+  local range = Range.from_op_func(ty)
   -- do something with the range
 end
 -- Try invoking this with: `<Leader>toaw`, and the current word will be the
@@ -180,7 +321,7 @@ end, { expr = true })
 -- When executing commands in a visual context, getting the selected text has
 -- to be done differently:
 vim.api.nvim_create_user_command('MyCmd', function(args)
-  local range = u.Range.from_cmd_args(args)
+  local range = Range.from_cmd_args(args)
   if range == nil then
     -- the command was executed in normal mode
   else
@@ -195,7 +336,7 @@ range once you have one? Plenty, it turns out!
 ```lua
 local range = ...
 range:lines() -- get the lines in the range's region
-range:text()  -- get the text (i.e., string) in the range's region
+range:text() -- get the text (i.e., string) in the range's region
 range:line(1) -- get the first line within this range
 range:line(-1) -- get the last line within this range
 -- replace with new contents:
@@ -213,125 +354,68 @@ range:replace(nil)
 Define custom (dot-repeatable) key mappings for text objects:
 
 ```lua
-local u = require 'u'
+local opkeymap = require 'u.opkeymap'
 
 -- invoke this function by typing, for example, `<leader>riw`:
 -- `range` will contain the bounds of the motion `iw`.
-u.opkeymap('n', '<leader>r', function(range)
+opkeymap('n', '<leader>r', function(range)
   print(range:text()) -- Prints the text within the selected range
 end)
 ```
 
-### 3. Utility Functions
+### 3. Working with Code Writer
+
+To write code with indentation, use the `CodeWriter` class:
+
+```lua
+local CodeWriter = require 'u.codewriter'
+local cw = CodeWriter.new()
+cw:write('{')
+cw:indent(function(innerCW)
+  innerCW:write('x: 123')
+end)
+cw:write('}')
+```
+
+### 4. Utility Functions
 
 #### Custom Text Objects
 
-Simply by returning a `Range`, you can easily define your own text objects:
+Simply by returning a `Range` or a `Pos`, you can easily and quickly define
+your own text objects:
 
 ```lua
-local u = require 'u'
+local txtobj = require 'u.txtobj'
+local Range = require 'u.range'
 
 -- Select whole file:
-u.define_txtobj('ag', function()
-  return u.Range.from_buf_text()
-end)
-
--- Select content inside nearest quotes:
-u.define_txtobj('iq', function()
-  return u.Range.find_nearest_quotes()
-end)
-
--- Select content inside nearest brackets:
-u.define_txtobj('ib', function()
-  return u.Range.find_nearest_brackets()
+txtobj.define('ag', function()
+  return Range.from_buf_text()
 end)
 ```
 
-#### User Commands with Range Support
+#### Buffer Management
 
-Create user commands that work with visual selections:
+Access and manipulate buffers easily:
 
 ```lua
-local u = require 'u'
-
-u.ucmd('MyCmd', function(args)
-  if args.info then
-    -- args.info is a Range representing the selection
-    print('Selected text:', args.info:text())
-  else
-    -- No range provided
-    print('No selection')
-  end
-end, { range = true })
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local buf = Buffer.current()
+buf.b.<option>        -- get buffer-local variables
+buf.b.<option>  = ... -- set buffer-local variables
+buf.bo.<option>       -- get buffer options
+buf.bo.<option> = ... -- set buffer options
+buf:line_count()      -- the number of lines in the current buffer
+buf:all()             -- returns a Range representing the entire buffer
+buf:is_empty()        -- returns true if the buffer has no text
+buf:append_line '...'
+buf:line(1)           -- returns a Range representing the first line in the buffer
+buf:line(-1)          -- returns a Range representing the last line in the buffer
+buf:lines(1, 2)       -- returns a Range representing the first two lines in the buffer
+buf:lines(2, -2)      -- returns a Range representing all but the first and last lines of a buffer
+buf:txtobj('iw')      -- returns a Range representing the text object 'iw' in the give buffer
 ```
 
-#### Repeat Utilities
-
-Enable dot-repeat for custom operations:
-
-```lua
-local u = require 'u'
-
--- Call this in your plugin's setup:
-u.repeat_.setup()
-
--- Then use in your operations:
-u.repeat_.run_repeatable(function()
-  -- Your mutation here
-  -- This will be repeatable with '.'
-end)
-```
-
-## API Reference
-
-### `u.Pos`
-
-Position class representing a location in a buffer.
-
-```lua
-local pos = u.Pos.new(bufnr, lnum, col, off)
-pos:next(1)      -- next position (forward)
-pos:next(-1)     -- previous position (backward)
-pos:char()       -- character at position
-pos:line()       -- line text
-pos:eol()        -- end of line position
-pos:save_to_cursor() -- move cursor to position
-```
-
-### `u.Range`
-
-Range class representing a text region.
-
-```lua
-local range = u.Range.new(start, stop, mode)
-range:text()     -- get text content
-range:lines()    -- get lines as array
-range:replace(text) -- replace with new text
-range:contains(pos) -- check if position is within range
-range:shrink(n)  -- shrink range by n characters from each side
-range:highlight('Search') -- highlight range temporarily
-```
-
-### `u.opkeymap(mode, lhs, rhs, opts)`
-
-Create operator-pending keymaps.
-
-### `u.define_txtobj(key_seq, fn, opts)`
-
-Define custom text objects.
-
-### `u.ucmd(name, cmd, opts)`
-
-Create user commands with enhanced range support.
-
-### `u.create_delegated_cmd_args(args)`
-
-Create arguments for delegating between commands.
-
-### `u.repeat_`
-
-Module for dot-repeat support.
-
 ## License (MIT)
 
 Copyright (c) 2024 jrapodaca@gmail.com

examples/counter.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local tracker = require 'u.tracker'
+local h = require('u.renderer').h
+
+-- Create an buffer for the UI
+vim.cmd.vnew()
+local ui_buf = Buffer.current()
+ui_buf:set_tmp_options()
+
+local s_count = tracker.create_signal(0, 'counter_signal')
+
+-- Effect: Render
+-- Setup the effect for rendering the UI whenever dependencies are updated
+tracker.create_effect(function()
+  -- Calling `Signal:get()` in an effect registers the given signal as a
+  -- dependency of the current effect. Whenever that signal (or any other
+  -- dependency) changes, the effect will rerun. In this particular case,
+  -- rendering the UI is an effect that depends on one signal.
+  local count = s_count:get()
+
+  -- Markup is hyperscript, which is just 1) text, and 2) tags (i.e.,
+  -- constructed with `h(...)` calls). To help organize the markup, text and
+  -- tags can be nested in tables at any depth. Line breaks must be specified
+  -- manually, with '\n'.
+  ui_buf:render {
+    'Reactive Counter Example\n',
+    '========================\n\n',
+
+    { 'Counter: ', tostring(count), '\n' },
+
+    '\n',
+
+    {
+      h('text', {
+        hl = 'DiffDelete',
+        nmap = {
+          ['<CR>'] = function()
+            -- Update the contents of the s_count signal, notifying any
+            -- dependencies (in this case, the render effect):
+            s_count:schedule_update(function(n) return n - 1 end)
+            -- Also equivalent: s_count:schedule_set(s_count:get() - 1)
+            return ''
+          end,
+        },
+      }, ' Decrement '),
+      ' ',
+      h('text', {
+        hl = 'DiffAdd',
+        nmap = {
+          ['<CR>'] = function()
+            -- Update the contents of the s_count signal, notifying any
+            -- dependencies (in this case, the render effect):
+            s_count:schedule_update(function(n) return n + 1 end)
+            -- Also equivalent: s_count:schedule_set(s_count:get() - 1)
+            return ''
+          end,
+        },
+      }, ' Increment '),
+    },
+
+    '\n',
+    '\n',
+    { 'Press <CR> on each "button" above to increment/decrement the counter.' },
+  }
+end)

examples/filetree.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- File Tree Viewer Module
+--
+-- Future Enhancements:
+-- - Consider implementing additional features like searching for files,
+--   filtering displayed nodes, or adding support for more file types.
+-- - Improve user experience with customizable UI elements and enhanced
+--   navigation options.
+-- - Implement a file watcher to automatically update the file tree when files
+--   change on the underlying filesystem.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @alias u.examples.FsDir { kind: 'dir'; path: string; expanded: boolean; children: u.examples.FsNode[] }
+--- @alias u.examples.FsFile { kind: 'file'; path: string }
+--- @alias u.examples.FsNode u.examples.FsDir | u.examples.FsFile
+--- @alias u.examples.ShowOpts { root_path?: string, width?: number, focus_path?: string }
+
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local Renderer = require('u.renderer').Renderer
+local TreeBuilder = require('u.renderer').TreeBuilder
+local h = require('u.renderer').h
+local tracker = require 'u.tracker'
+
+local logger = require('u.logger').Logger.new 'filetree'
+
+local M = {}
+local H = {}
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Helpers:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- Splits the given path into a list of path components.
+--- @param path string
+function H.split_path(path)
+  local parts = {}
+  local curr = path
+  while #curr > 0 and curr ~= '.' and curr ~= '/' do
+    table.insert(parts, 1, vim.fs.basename(curr))
+    curr = vim.fs.dirname(curr)
+  end
+  return parts
+end
+
+--- Normalizes the given path to an absolute path.
+--- @param path string
+function H.normalize(path) return vim.fs.abspath(vim.fs.normalize(path)) end
+
+--- Computes the relative path from `base` to `path`.
+--- @param path string
+--- @param base string
+function H.relative(path, base)
+  path = H.normalize(path)
+  base = H.normalize(base)
+  if path:sub(1, #base) == base then path = path:sub(#base + 1) end
+  if vim.startswith(path, '/') then path = path:sub(2) end
+  return path
+end
+
+--- @param root_path string
+--- @return { tree: u.examples.FsDir; path_to_node: table<string, u.examples.FsNode> }
+function H.get_tree_inf(root_path)
+  logger:info { 'get_tree_inf', root_path }
+  --- @type table<string, u.examples.FsNode>
+  local path_to_node = {}
+
+  --- @type u.examples.FsDir
+  local tree = {
+    kind = 'dir',
+    path = H.normalize(root_path or '.'),
+    expanded = true,
+    children = {},
+  }
+  path_to_node[tree.path] = tree
+
+  H.populate_dir_children(tree, path_to_node)
+  return { tree = tree, path_to_node = path_to_node }
+end
+
+--- @param tree u.examples.FsDir
+--- @param path_to_node table<string, u.examples.FsNode>
+function H.populate_dir_children(tree, path_to_node)
+  tree.children = {}
+
+  for child_path, kind in vim.iter(vim.fs.dir(tree.path, { depth = 1 })) do
+    child_path = H.normalize(vim.fs.joinpath(tree.path, child_path))
+    local prev_node = path_to_node[child_path]
+
+    if kind == 'directory' then
+      local new_node = {
+        kind = 'dir',
+        path = child_path,
+        expanded = prev_node and prev_node.expanded or false,
+        children = prev_node and prev_node.children or {},
+      }
+      path_to_node[new_node.path] = new_node
+      table.insert(tree.children, new_node)
+    else
+      local new_node = {
+        kind = 'file',
+        path = child_path,
+      }
+      path_to_node[new_node.path] = new_node
+      table.insert(tree.children, new_node)
+    end
+  end
+
+  table.sort(tree.children, function(a, b)
+    -- directories first:
+    if a.kind ~= b.kind then return a.kind == 'dir' end
+    return a.path < b.path
+  end)
+end
+
+--- @param opts {
+---   bufnr: number;
+---   prev_winnr: number;
+---   root_path: string;
+---   focus_path?: string;
+--- }
+---
+--- @return { expand: fun(path: string), collapse: fun(path: string) }
+local function _render_in_buffer(opts)
+  local winnr = vim.api.nvim_buf_call(
+    opts.bufnr,
+    function() return vim.api.nvim_get_current_win() end
+  )
+  local s_tree_inf = tracker.create_signal(H.get_tree_inf(opts.root_path))
+  local s_focused_path = tracker.create_signal(H.normalize(opts.focus_path or opts.root_path))
+
+  tracker.create_effect(function()
+    local focused_path = s_focused_path:get()
+
+    s_tree_inf:update(function(tree_inf)
+      local parts = H.split_path(H.relative(focused_path, tree_inf.tree.path))
+      local path_to_node = tree_inf.path_to_node
+
+      --- @param node u.examples.FsDir
+      --- @param child_names string[]
+      local function expand_to(node, child_names)
+        if #child_names == 0 then return end
+        node.expanded = true
+
+        local next_child_name = table.remove(child_names, 1)
+        for _, child in ipairs(node.children) do
+          if child.kind == 'dir' and vim.fs.basename(child.path) == next_child_name then
+            H.populate_dir_children(child, path_to_node)
+            expand_to(child, child_names)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      expand_to(tree_inf.tree, parts)
+      return tree_inf
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  --
+  -- :help watch-file
+  --
+  local watcher = vim.uv.new_fs_event()
+  if watcher ~= nil then
+    --- @diagnostic disable-next-line: unused-local
+    watcher:start(opts.root_path, { recursive = true }, function(_err, fname, _status)
+      fname = H.normalize(fname)
+
+      local dir_path = vim.fs.dirname(fname)
+      local dir = s_tree_inf:get().path_to_node[dir_path]
+      if not dir then return end
+
+      s_tree_inf:schedule_update(function(tree_inf)
+        H.populate_dir_children(dir, tree_inf.path_to_node)
+        return tree_inf
+      end)
+    end)
+  end
+  vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd('WinClosed', {
+    once = true,
+    pattern = tostring(winnr),
+    callback = function()
+      if watcher == nil then return end
+
+      watcher:stop()
+      watcher = nil
+    end,
+  })
+
+  local controller = {}
+
+  --- @param path string
+  function controller.focus_path(path) s_focused_path:set(H.normalize(path)) end
+
+  function controller.refresh() s_tree_inf:set(H.get_tree_inf(opts.root_path)) end
+
+  --- @param path string
+  function controller.expand(path)
+    path = H.normalize(path)
+    local path_to_node = s_tree_inf:get().path_to_node
+
+    local node = path_to_node[path]
+    if node == nil then return end
+
+    if node.kind == 'dir' then
+      s_tree_inf:update(function(tree_inf2)
+        H.populate_dir_children(node, path_to_node)
+        tree_inf2.path_to_node[node.path].expanded = true
+        return tree_inf2
+      end)
+      if #node.children == 0 then
+        s_focused_path:set(node.path)
+      else
+        s_focused_path:set(node.children[1].path)
+      end
+    else
+      if node.kind == 'file' then
+        -- open file:
+        vim.api.nvim_win_call(opts.prev_winnr, function() vim.cmd.edit(node.path) end)
+        vim.api.nvim_set_current_win(opts.prev_winnr)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  --- @param path string
+  function controller.collapse(path)
+    path = H.normalize(path)
+    local path_to_node = s_tree_inf:get().path_to_node
+
+    local node = path_to_node[path]
+    if node == nil then return end
+
+    if node.kind == 'dir' then
+      if node.expanded then
+        -- collapse self/node:
+        s_focused_path:set(node.path)
+        s_tree_inf:update(function(tree_inf2)
+          tree_inf2.path_to_node[node.path].expanded = false
+          return tree_inf2
+        end)
+      else
+        -- collapse parent:
+        local parent_dir = path_to_node[vim.fs.dirname(node.path)]
+        if parent_dir ~= nil then
+          s_focused_path:set(parent_dir.path)
+          s_tree_inf:update(function(tree_inf2)
+            tree_inf2.path_to_node[parent_dir.path].expanded = false
+            return tree_inf2
+          end)
+        end
+      end
+    elseif node.kind == 'file' then
+      local parent_dir = path_to_node[vim.fs.dirname(node.path)]
+      if parent_dir ~= nil then
+        s_focused_path:set(parent_dir.path)
+        s_tree_inf:update(function(tree_inf2)
+          tree_inf2.path_to_node[parent_dir.path].expanded = false
+          return tree_inf2
+        end)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  --- @param root_path string
+  function controller.new(root_path)
+    vim.ui.input({
+      prompt = 'New: ',
+      completion = 'file',
+    }, function(input)
+      if input == nil then return end
+      local new_path = vim.fs.joinpath(root_path, input)
+
+      if vim.endswith(input, '/') then
+        -- Create a directory:
+        vim.fn.mkdir(new_path, input, 'p')
+      else
+        -- Create a file:
+
+        -- First, make sure the parent directory exists:
+        vim.fn.mkdir(vim.fs.dirname(new_path), 'p')
+
+        -- Now create an empty file:
+        local uv = vim.loop or vim.uv
+        local fd = uv.fs_open(new_path, 'w', 438)
+        if fd then uv.fs_write(fd, '') end
+      end
+
+      controller.refresh()
+      controller.focus_path(new_path)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  --- @param path string
+  function controller.rename(path)
+    path = H.normalize(path)
+    local root_path = vim.fs.dirname(path)
+    vim.ui.input({
+      prompt = 'Rename: ',
+      default = vim.fs.basename(path),
+      completion = 'file',
+    }, function(input)
+      if input == nil then return end
+
+      local new_path = vim.fs.joinpath(root_path, input);
+      (vim.loop or vim.uv).fs_rename(path, new_path)
+      controller.refresh()
+      controller.focus_path(new_path)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  --
+  -- Render:
+  --
+  local renderer = Renderer.new(opts.bufnr)
+  tracker.create_effect(function()
+    --- @type { tree: u.examples.FsDir; path_to_node: table<string, u.examples.FsNode> }
+    local tree_inf = s_tree_inf:get()
+    local tree = tree_inf.tree
+
+    --- @type string
+    local focused_path = s_focused_path:get()
+
+    --- As we render the tree, keep track of what line each node is on, so that
+    --- we have an easy way to make the cursor jump to each node (i.e., line)
+    --- at will:
+    --- @type table<string, number>
+    local node_lines = {}
+    local current_line = 0
+
+    --- The UI is rendered as a list of hypserscript elements:
+    local tb = TreeBuilder.new()
+
+    --- Since the filesystem is a recursive tree of nodes, we need to
+    --- recursively render each node. This function does just that:
+    --- @param node u.examples.FsNode
+    --- @param level number
+    local function render_node(node, level)
+      local name = vim.fs.basename(node.path)
+      current_line = current_line + 1
+      node_lines[node.path] = current_line
+
+      local nmaps = {
+        h = function()
+          vim.schedule(function() controller.collapse(node.path) end)
+          return ''
+        end,
+        l = function()
+          vim.schedule(function() controller.expand(node.path) end)
+          return ''
+        end,
+        n = function()
+          vim.schedule(
+            function()
+              controller.new(node.kind == 'file' and vim.fs.dirname(node.path) or node.path)
+            end
+          )
+          return ''
+        end,
+        r = function()
+          vim.schedule(function() controller.rename(node.path) end)
+          return ''
+        end,
+        y = function()
+          vim.fn.setreg([["]], H.relative(node.path, tree.path))
+          return ''
+        end,
+      }
+
+      if node.kind == 'dir' then
+        --
+        -- Render a directory node:
+        --
+        local icon = node.expanded and '' or ''
+        tb:put {
+          current_line > 1 and '\n',
+          h(
+            'text',
+            { hl = 'Constant', nmap = nmaps },
+            { string.rep('  ', level), icon, ' ', name }
+          ),
+        }
+        if node.expanded then
+          for _, child in ipairs(node.children) do
+            render_node(child, level + 1)
+          end
+        end
+      elseif node.kind == 'file' then
+        tb:put {
+          current_line > 1 and '\n',
+          h('text', { nmap = nmaps }, { string.rep('  ', level), '󰈔 ', name }),
+        }
+      end
+    end
+    render_node(tree, 0)
+
+    -- The following modifies buffer contents, so it needs to be scheduled:
+    vim.schedule(function()
+      renderer:render(tb:tree())
+
+      local cpos = vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(winnr)
+      pcall(vim.api.nvim_win_set_cursor, winnr, { node_lines[focused_path], cpos[2] })
+    end)
+  end, 's:tree')
+
+  return controller
+end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Public API functions:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @type {
+---   bufnr: number;
+---   winnr: number;
+---   controller: { expand: fun(path: string), collapse: fun(path: string) };
+--- } | nil
+local current_inf = nil
+
+--- Show the filetree:
+--- @param opts? u.examples.ShowOpts
+function M.show(opts)
+  if current_inf ~= nil then return current_inf.controller end
+  opts = opts or {}
+
+  local prev_winnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_win()
+
+  vim.cmd 'vnew'
+  local buf = Buffer.from_nr(vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf())
+  buf:set_tmp_options()
+
+  local winnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_win()
+  vim.api.nvim_feedkeys(vim.api.nvim_replace_termcodes('<C-w>H', true, true, true), 'x', false)
+  vim.api.nvim_win_set_width(0, opts.width or 30)
+  vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd('WinClosed', {
+    once = true,
+    pattern = tostring(winnr),
+    callback = M.hide,
+  })
+
+  vim.wo[0][0].number = false
+  vim.wo[0][0].relativenumber = false
+
+  local bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
+
+  local controller = _render_in_buffer(vim.tbl_extend('force', opts, {
+    bufnr = bufnr,
+    prev_winnr = prev_winnr,
+    root_path = opts.root_path or H.normalize '.',
+  }))
+  current_inf = { bufnr = bufnr, winnr = winnr, controller = controller }
+  return controller
+end
+
+--- Hide the filetree:
+function M.hide()
+  if current_inf == nil then return end
+  pcall(vim.cmd.bdelete, current_inf.bufnr)
+  current_inf = nil
+end
+
+--- Toggle the filetree:
+--- @param opts? u.examples.ShowOpts
+function M.toggle(opts)
+  if current_inf == nil then
+    M.show(opts)
+  else
+    M.hide()
+  end
+end
+
+return M

examples/form.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+-- form.lua:
+--
+-- This is a runnable example of a form. Open this file in Neovim, and execute
+-- `:luafile %` to run it. It will create a new buffer to the side, and render
+-- an interactive form. Edit the "inputs" between the `[...]` brackets, and
+-- watch the buffer react immediately to your changes.
+--
+
+local Renderer = require('u.renderer').Renderer
+local h = require('u.renderer').h
+local tracker = require 'u.tracker'
+
+-- Create a new, temporary, buffer to the side:
+vim.cmd.vnew()
+vim.bo.buftype = 'nofile'
+vim.bo.bufhidden = 'wipe'
+vim.bo.buflisted = false
+local renderer = Renderer.new()
+
+-- Create two signals:
+local s_name = tracker.create_signal 'whoever-you-are'
+local s_age = tracker.create_signal 'ideally-a-number'
+
+-- We can create derived information from the signals above. Say we want to do
+-- some validation on the input for `age`: we can do that with a memo:
+local s_age_info = tracker.create_memo(function()
+  local age_raw = s_age:get()
+  local age_digits = age_raw:match '^%s*(%d+)%s*$'
+  local age_n = age_digits and tonumber(age_digits) or nil
+  return {
+    type = age_n and 'number' or 'string',
+    raw = age_raw,
+    n = age_n,
+    n1 = age_n and age_n + 1 or nil,
+  }
+end)
+
+-- This is the render effect that depends on the signals created above. This
+-- will re-run every time one of the signals changes.
+tracker.create_effect(function()
+  local name = s_name:get()
+  local age = s_age:get()
+  local age_info = s_age_info:get()
+
+  -- Each time the signals change, we re-render the buffer:
+  renderer:render {
+    h.Type({}, '# Form Example'),
+    '\n\n',
+
+    -- We can also listen for when specific locations in the buffer change, on
+    -- a tag-by-tag basis. This gives us two-way data-binding between the
+    -- buffer and the signals.
+    {
+      'Name: ',
+      h.Structure({
+        on_change = function(text) s_name:set(text) end,
+      }, name),
+    },
+    {
+      '\nAge: ',
+      h.Structure({
+        on_change = function(text) s_age:set(text) end,
+      }, age),
+    },
+
+    '\n\n',
+
+    -- Show the values of the signals here, too, so that we can see the
+    -- reactivity in action. If you change the values in the tags above, you
+    -- can see the changes reflected here immediately.
+    { 'Hello, "', name, '"!' },
+
+    --
+    -- A more complex example: we can do much more complex rendering, based on
+    -- the state. For example, if you type different values into the `age`
+    -- field, you can see not only the displayed information change, but also
+    -- the color of the highlights in this section will adapt to the type of
+    -- information that has been detected.
+    --
+    -- If string input is detected, values below are shown in the
+    -- `String`/`ErrorMsg` highlight groups.
+    --
+    -- If number input is detected, values below are shown in the `Number`
+    -- highlight group.
+    --
+    -- If a valid number is entered, then this section also displays how old
+    -- you willl be next year (`n + 1`).
+    --
+
+    '\n\n',
+    h.Type({}, '## Computed Information (derived from `age`)'),
+    '\n\n',
+    {
+      'Type: ',
+      h('text', {
+        hl = age_info.type == 'number' and 'Number' or 'String',
+      }, age_info.type),
+    },
+    { '\nRaw input: ', h.String({}, '"' .. age_info.raw .. '"') },
+    {
+      '\nCurrent age: ',
+      age_info.n
+          -- Show the age:
+          and h.Number({}, tostring(age_info.n))
+        -- Show an error-placeholder if the age is invalid:
+        or h.ErrorMsg({}, '(?)'),
+    },
+
+    -- This part is shown conditionally, i.e., only if the age next year can be
+    -- computed:
+    age_info.n1
+      and {
+        '\nAge next year: ',
+        h.Number({}, tostring(age_info.n1)),
+      },
+  }
+end)

examples/matcher.lua

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
---
--- Bracket matcher: highlights the nearest matching pair of brackets (like MatchParen)
--- when the cursor is near them. Updates dynamically on CursorMoved in normal mode.
---
-local u = require 'u'
-local Range = u.Range
-
-local M = {}
-
---- @type { clear: fun() }[]
-local HIGHLIGHTS = {}
-local LAST_RANGE = nil
-
-local function clear_highlights()
-  for _, hl in ipairs(HIGHLIGHTS) do
-    hl.clear()
-  end
-  HIGHLIGHTS = {}
-end
-
-local function update()
-  local mode = vim.fn.mode():sub(1, 1)
-  if mode ~= 'n' then return end
-
-  local last_range = LAST_RANGE
-  local bracket_range = Range.find_nearest_brackets()
-  LAST_RANGE = bracket_range
-
-  if not bracket_range then return clear_highlights() end
-  if bracket_range == last_range then return end
-
-  clear_highlights()
-
-  local open = Range.new(bracket_range.start, bracket_range.start, 'v')
-  local close = Range.new(bracket_range.stop, bracket_range.stop, 'v')
-
-  HIGHLIGHTS = {
-    open:highlight('MatchParen', { priority = 999 }),
-    close:highlight('MatchParen', { priority = 999 }),
-  }
-end
-
-function M.setup()
-  local group = vim.api.nvim_create_augroup('Matcher', { clear = true })
-  vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd({ 'CursorMoved' }, {
-    group = group,
-    callback = update,
-  })
-end
-
-return M

examples/notify.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local TreeBuilder = require('u.renderer').TreeBuilder
+local Window = require 'my.window'
+local tracker = require 'u.tracker'
+local utils = require 'u.utils'
+
+local TIMEOUT = 4000
+local ICONS = {
+  [vim.log.levels.TRACE] = { text = '󰃤', group = 'DiagnosticSignOk' },
+  [vim.log.levels.DEBUG] = { text = '󰃤', group = 'DiagnosticSignOk' },
+  [vim.log.levels.INFO] = { text = '', group = 'DiagnosticSignInfo' },
+  [vim.log.levels.WARN] = { text = '', group = 'DiagnosticSignWarn' },
+  [vim.log.levels.ERROR] = { text = '', group = 'DiagnosticSignError' },
+}
+local DEFAULT_ICON = { text = '', group = 'DiagnosticSignOk' }
+
+--- @alias u.examples.Notification {
+---   kind: number;
+---   id: number;
+---   text: string;
+--- }
+
+local M = {}
+
+--- @type Window | nil
+local notifs_w
+
+local s_notifications_raw = tracker.create_signal {}
+local s_notifications = s_notifications_raw:debounce(50)
+
+-- Render effect:
+tracker.create_effect(function()
+  --- @type u.examples.Notification[]
+  local notifs = s_notifications:get()
+
+  if #notifs == 0 then
+    if notifs_w then
+      notifs_w:close(true)
+      notifs_w = nil
+    end
+    return
+  end
+
+  vim.schedule(function()
+    local editor_size = utils.get_editor_dimensions()
+    local avail_width = editor_size.width
+    local float_width = 40
+    local win_config = {
+      relative = 'editor',
+      anchor = 'NE',
+      row = 0,
+      col = avail_width,
+      width = float_width,
+      height = math.min(#notifs, editor_size.height - 3),
+      border = 'single',
+      focusable = false,
+    }
+    if not notifs_w or not vim.api.nvim_win_is_valid(notifs_w.win) then
+      notifs_w = Window.new(Buffer.create(false, true), win_config)
+      vim.wo[notifs_w.win].cursorline = false
+      vim.wo[notifs_w.win].list = false
+      vim.wo[notifs_w.win].listchars = ''
+      vim.wo[notifs_w.win].number = false
+      vim.wo[notifs_w.win].relativenumber = false
+      vim.wo[notifs_w.win].wrap = false
+    else
+      notifs_w:set_config(win_config)
+    end
+
+    notifs_w:render(TreeBuilder.new()
+      :nest(function(tb)
+        for idx, notif in ipairs(notifs) do
+          if idx > 1 then tb:put '\n' end
+
+          local notif_icon = ICONS[notif.kind] or DEFAULT_ICON
+          tb:put_h('text', { hl = notif_icon.group }, notif_icon.text)
+          tb:put { '  ', notif.text }
+        end
+      end)
+      :tree())
+    vim.api.nvim_win_call(notifs_w.win, function()
+      -- scroll to bottom:
+      vim.cmd.normal 'G'
+      -- scroll all the way to the left:
+      vim.cmd.normal '9999zh'
+    end)
+  end)
+end)
+
+local _orig_notify
+
+--- @param msg string
+--- @param level integer|nil
+--- @param opts table|nil
+local function my_notify(msg, level, opts)
+  vim.schedule(function() _orig_notify(msg, level, opts) end)
+  if level == nil then level = vim.log.levels.INFO end
+  if level < vim.log.levels.INFO then return end
+
+  local id = math.random(math.huge)
+
+  --- @param notifs u.examples.Notification[]
+  s_notifications_raw:schedule_update(function(notifs)
+    table.insert(notifs, { kind = level, id = id, text = msg })
+    return notifs
+  end)
+
+  vim.defer_fn(function()
+    --- @param notifs u.examples.Notification[]
+    s_notifications_raw:schedule_update(function(notifs)
+      for i, notif in ipairs(notifs) do
+        if notif.id == id then
+          table.remove(notifs, i)
+          break
+        end
+      end
+      return notifs
+    end)
+  end, TIMEOUT)
+end
+
+local _once_msgs = {}
+local function my_notify_once(msg, level, opts)
+  if vim.tbl_contains(_once_msgs, msg) then return false end
+  table.insert(_once_msgs, msg)
+  vim.notify(msg, level, opts)
+  return true
+end
+
+function M.setup()
+  if _orig_notify == nil then _orig_notify = vim.notify end
+
+  vim.notify = my_notify
+  vim.notify_once = my_notify_once
+end
+
+return M

examples/picker.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,949 @@
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local utils = require 'u.utils'
+local Renderer = require('u.renderer').Renderer
+local h = require('u.renderer').h
+local TreeBuilder = require('u.renderer').TreeBuilder
+local tracker = require 'u.tracker'
+
+local M = {}
+
+local S_EDITOR_DIMENSIONS =
+  tracker.create_signal(utils.get_editor_dimensions(), 's:editor_dimensions')
+vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd('VimResized', {
+  callback = function()
+    local new_dim = utils.get_editor_dimensions()
+    S_EDITOR_DIMENSIONS:set(new_dim)
+  end,
+})
+
+--- @param low number
+--- @param x number
+--- @param high number
+local function clamp(low, x, high)
+  x = math.max(low, x)
+  x = math.min(x, high)
+  return x
+end
+
+--- @generic T
+--- @param arr `T`[]
+--- @return T[]
+local function shallow_copy_arr(arr) return vim.iter(arr):totable() end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- BEGIN create_picker
+--
+-- This is the star of the show (in this file, anyway).
+-- In summary, the outline of this function is:
+-- 1. Setup signals/memos for computing the picker size, and window positions
+-- 2. Create the two windows:
+--   a. The picker input. This is where the filter is typed
+--   b. The picker list. This is where the items are displayed
+-- 3. Setup event handlers that respond to user input
+-- 4. Render the list. After all the prework above, this is probably the
+--    shortest portion of this function.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @alias u.examples.SelectController {
+---   get_items: fun(): T[];
+---   set_items: fun(items: T[]);
+---   set_filter_text: fun(filter_text: string);
+---   get_selected_indices: fun(): number[];
+---   get_selected_items: fun(): T[];
+---   set_selected_indices: fun(indicies: number[], ephemeral?: boolean);
+---   close: fun();
+--- }
+--- @alias u.examples.SelectOpts<T> {
+---   items: `T`[];
+---   multi?: boolean;
+---   format_item?: fun(item: T): u.renderer.Tree;
+---   on_finish?: fun(items: T[], indicies: number[]);
+---   on_selection_changed?: fun(items: T[], indicies: number[]);
+---   mappings?: table<string, fun(select: u.examples.SelectController)>;
+--- }
+
+--- @generic T
+--- @param opts u.examples.SelectOpts<T>
+function M.create_picker(opts) -- {{{
+  local is_in_insert_mode = vim.api.nvim_get_mode().mode:sub(1, 1) == 'i'
+  local stopinsert = not is_in_insert_mode
+
+  if opts.multi == nil then opts.multi = false end
+
+  local H = {}
+
+  --- Runs a function `fn`, and if it fails, cleans up the UI by calling
+  --- `H.finish`
+  ---
+  --- @generic T
+  --- @param fn fun(): `T`
+  --- @return T
+  local function safe_run(fn, ...)
+    local ok, result_or_error = pcall(fn, ...)
+    if not ok then
+      pcall(H.finish, true, result_or_error)
+      error(result_or_error .. '\n' .. debug.traceback())
+    end
+    return result_or_error
+  end
+
+  --- Creates a function that safely calls the given function, cleaning up the
+  --- UI if it ever fails
+  ---
+  --- @generic T
+  --- @param fn `T`
+  --- @return T
+  local function safe_wrap(fn)
+    return function(...) return safe_run(fn, ...) end
+  end
+
+  --
+  -- Compute the positions of the input bar and the list:
+  --
+
+  -- Reactively compute the space available for the picker based on the size of
+  -- the editor
+  local s_editor_dimensions = S_EDITOR_DIMENSIONS:clone()
+  local s_picker_space_available = tracker.create_memo(safe_wrap(function()
+    local editor_dim = s_editor_dimensions:get()
+    local width = math.floor(editor_dim.width * 0.75)
+    local height = math.floor(editor_dim.height * 0.75)
+    local row = math.floor((editor_dim.height - height) / 2)
+    local col = math.floor((editor_dim.width - width) / 2)
+    return { width = width, height = height, row = row, col = col }
+  end))
+
+  -- Reactively compute the size of the prompt (input) bar
+  local s_w_input_coords = tracker.create_memo(safe_wrap(function()
+    local picker_coords = s_picker_space_available:get()
+    return {
+      width = picker_coords.width,
+      height = 1,
+      row = picker_coords.row,
+      col = picker_coords.col,
+    }
+  end))
+
+  -- Reactively compute the size of the list view
+  local s_w_list_coords = tracker.create_memo(safe_wrap(function()
+    local picker_coords = s_picker_space_available:get()
+    return {
+      width = picker_coords.width,
+      height = picker_coords.height - 3,
+      row = picker_coords.row + 3,
+      col = picker_coords.col,
+    }
+  end))
+
+  --
+  -- Create resources (i.e., windows):
+  --
+
+  local w_input_cfg = {
+    width = s_w_input_coords:get().width,
+    height = s_w_input_coords:get().height,
+    row = s_w_input_coords:get().row,
+    col = s_w_input_coords:get().col,
+    relative = 'editor',
+    focusable = true,
+    border = vim.o.winborder or 'rounded',
+  }
+  local w_input_buf = Buffer.create(false, true)
+  local w_input = vim.api.nvim_open_win(w_input_buf.bufnr, false, w_input_cfg)
+  vim.wo[w_input][0].cursorline = false
+  vim.wo[w_input][0].list = false
+  vim.wo[w_input][0].number = false
+  vim.wo[w_input][0].relativenumber = false
+
+  -- The following option is a signal to other plugins like 'cmp' to not mess
+  -- with this buffer:
+  vim.bo[w_input_buf.bufnr].buftype = 'prompt'
+  vim.fn.prompt_setprompt(w_input_buf.bufnr, '')
+
+  vim.api.nvim_set_current_win(w_input)
+  tracker.create_effect(safe_wrap(function()
+    -- update window position/size every time the editor is resized:
+    w_input_cfg = vim.tbl_deep_extend('force', w_input_cfg, s_w_input_coords:get())
+    vim.api.nvim_win_set_config(w_input, w_input_cfg)
+  end))
+
+  local w_list_cfg = {
+    width = s_w_list_coords:get().width,
+    height = s_w_list_coords:get().height,
+    row = s_w_list_coords:get().row,
+    col = s_w_list_coords:get().col,
+    relative = 'editor',
+    focusable = true,
+    border = 'rounded',
+  }
+  local w_list_buf = Buffer.create(false, true)
+  local w_list = vim.api.nvim_open_win(w_list_buf.bufnr, false, w_list_cfg)
+  vim.wo[w_list][0].number = false
+  vim.wo[w_list][0].relativenumber = false
+  vim.wo[w_list][0].scrolloff = 0
+  tracker.create_effect(safe_wrap(function()
+    -- update window position/size every time the editor is resized:
+    w_list_cfg = vim.tbl_deep_extend('force', w_list_cfg, s_w_list_coords:get())
+    vim.api.nvim_win_set_config(w_list, w_list_cfg)
+  end))
+
+  -- Now that we have created the window with the prompt in it, start insert
+  -- mode so that the user can type immediately:
+  vim.cmd.startinsert()
+
+  --
+  -- State:
+  --
+
+  local s_items_raw = tracker.create_signal(opts.items, 's:items')
+  local s_items = s_items_raw:debounce(100)
+  local s_selected_indices = tracker.create_signal({}, 's:selected_indices')
+  local s_top_offset = tracker.create_signal(0, 's:top_offset')
+  local s_cursor_index = tracker.create_signal(1, 's:cursor_index')
+
+  local s_filter_text_undebounced = tracker.create_signal('', 's:filter_text')
+  w_input_buf:autocmd('TextChangedI', {
+    callback = safe_wrap(
+      function() s_filter_text_undebounced:set(vim.api.nvim_get_current_line()) end
+    ),
+  })
+  local s_filter_text = s_filter_text_undebounced:debounce(50)
+
+  --
+  -- Derived State:
+  --
+
+  local s_formatted_items = tracker.create_memo(function()
+    local function _format_item(item)
+      return opts.format_item and opts.format_item(item) or tostring(item)
+    end
+
+    local items = s_items:get()
+    return vim
+      .iter(items)
+      :map(function(item) return { item = item, formatted = _format_item(item) } end)
+      :totable()
+  end)
+
+  -- When the filter text changes, update the filtered items:
+  local s_filtered_items = tracker.create_memo(
+    safe_wrap(function()
+      local formatted_items = s_formatted_items:get()
+      local filter_text = vim.trim(s_filter_text:get()):lower()
+
+      --- @type string
+      local filter_pattern
+      --- @type boolean
+      local use_plain_pattern
+      if #formatted_items > 250 and #filter_text <= 3 then
+        filter_pattern = filter_text
+        use_plain_pattern = true
+      elseif #formatted_items > 1000 then
+        filter_pattern = filter_text
+        use_plain_pattern = true
+      else
+        filter_pattern = '('
+          .. vim.iter(vim.split(filter_text, '')):map(function(c) return c .. '.*' end):join ''
+          .. ')'
+        use_plain_pattern = false
+      end
+      filter_pattern = filter_pattern:lower()
+
+      --- @type table<integer, string>
+      local formatted_strings = {}
+      --- @type table<integer, string>
+      local matches = {}
+
+      local new_filtered_items = vim
+        .iter(formatted_items)
+        :enumerate()
+        :map(
+          function(i, inf) return { orig_idx = i, item = inf.item, formatted = inf.formatted } end
+        )
+        :filter(function(inf)
+          if filter_text == '' then return true end
+          local formatted_as_string = Renderer.markup_to_string({ tree = inf.formatted }):lower()
+
+          formatted_strings[inf.orig_idx] = formatted_as_string
+          if use_plain_pattern then
+            local x, y = formatted_as_string:find(filter_pattern, 1, true)
+            if x ~= nil and y ~= nil then matches[inf.orig_idx] = formatted_as_string:sub(x, y) end
+          else
+            matches[inf.orig_idx] = string.match(formatted_as_string, filter_pattern)
+          end
+
+          return matches[inf.orig_idx] ~= nil
+        end)
+        :totable()
+
+      -- Don't sort if there are over 500 items:
+      if #new_filtered_items <= 500 then
+        table.sort(new_filtered_items, function(a_inf, b_inf)
+          local a = formatted_strings[a_inf.orig_idx]
+          local b = formatted_strings[b_inf.orig_idx]
+          if a == b then return false end
+
+          local a_match = matches[a_inf.orig_idx]
+          local b_match = matches[b_inf.orig_idx]
+          return #a_match < #b_match
+        end)
+      end
+
+      s_top_offset:set(0)
+      s_cursor_index:set(1)
+      return new_filtered_items
+    end),
+    'e:(filter_text=>filtered_items)'
+  )
+
+  -- Visible items, are _just_ the items that fit into the current viewport.
+  -- This is an optimization so that we are not rendering thousands of lines of
+  -- items on each state-change.
+  local s_visible_items = tracker.create_memo(
+    safe_wrap(function()
+      return vim
+        .iter(s_filtered_items:get())
+        :enumerate()
+        :skip(s_top_offset:get())
+        :take(s_w_list_coords:get().height)
+        :map(
+          function(i, inf)
+            return {
+              filtered_idx = i,
+              orig_idx = inf.orig_idx,
+              item = inf.item,
+              formatted = inf.formatted,
+            }
+          end
+        )
+        :totable()
+    end),
+    'm:visible_items'
+  )
+
+  -- Track selection information:
+  local s_selection_info = tracker.create_memo(
+    safe_wrap(function()
+      local items = s_items:get()
+      local selected_indices = s_selected_indices:get()
+      --- @type { orig_idx: number; item: T }[]
+      local filtered_items = s_filtered_items:get()
+      local cursor_index = s_cursor_index:get()
+      local indices = shallow_copy_arr(selected_indices)
+      if #indices == 0 and #filtered_items > 0 then
+        indices = { filtered_items[cursor_index].orig_idx }
+      end
+      return {
+        items = vim.iter(indices):map(function(i) return items[i] end):totable(),
+        indices = indices,
+      }
+    end),
+    'm:selection_info'
+  )
+
+  --- When it is time to close the picker, this is the main cleanup routine
+  --- that runs in all cases:
+  ---
+  --- @param esc? boolean Whether the user pressed <Esc> or not
+  --- @param err? any Any error that occurred
+  function H.finish(esc, err)
+    -- s_editor_dimensions is the only signal that is cloned from a global,
+    -- one. It is therefore the only one that needs to be manually disposed.
+    -- The other ones should get cleaned up by the GC
+    s_editor_dimensions:dispose()
+    -- If we happen to have any async state-changes coming down the pipeline,
+    -- we can say right now that we are done rendering new UI (to avoid
+    -- "invalid window ID" errors):
+    H.unsubscribe_render_effect()
+    -- buftype=prompt buffers are not "temporary", so delete the buffer manually:
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(w_input_buf.bufnr, { force = true })
+    -- The following is not needed, since the buffer is deleted above:
+    -- vim.api.nvim_win_close(w_input, false)
+    vim.api.nvim_win_close(w_list, false)
+    if stopinsert then vim.cmd.stopinsert() end
+    local inf = s_selection_info:get()
+    if not err and opts.on_finish then
+      -- If on_finish opens another picker, the closing of this one can happen
+      -- in _too_ quick succession, so put a small delay in there.
+      --
+      -- TODO: figure out _why_ this is actually happening, and then a better
+      -- way to handle this.
+      vim.defer_fn(function()
+        if esc then
+          opts.on_finish({}, {})
+        else
+          opts.on_finish(inf.items, inf.indices)
+        end
+      end, 100)
+    end
+  end
+
+  -- On selection info changed:
+  tracker.create_effect(
+    safe_wrap(function()
+      local inf = s_selection_info:get()
+      if opts.on_selection_changed then opts.on_selection_changed(inf.items, inf.indices) end
+    end),
+    'e:selection_changed'
+  )
+
+  --
+  -- Public API (i.e., `controller`):
+  -- We will fill in the methods further down, but we need this variable in scope so that it can be
+  -- closed over by some of the event handlers:
+  --
+  local controller = {}
+
+  --
+  -- Events
+  --
+  vim.keymap.set('i', '<Esc>', function() H.finish(true) end, { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr })
+
+  vim.keymap.set('i', '<CR>', function() H.finish() end, { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr })
+
+  local function action_next_line()
+    local max_line = #s_filtered_items:get()
+    local next_cursor_index = clamp(1, s_cursor_index:get() + 1, max_line)
+    if next_cursor_index - s_top_offset:get() > s_w_list_coords:get().height then
+      s_top_offset:set(s_top_offset:get() + 1)
+    end
+    s_cursor_index:set(next_cursor_index)
+  end
+  vim.keymap.set(
+    'i',
+    '<C-n>',
+    safe_wrap(action_next_line),
+    { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr, desc = 'Picker: next' }
+  )
+  vim.keymap.set(
+    'i',
+    '<Down>',
+    safe_wrap(action_next_line),
+    { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr, desc = 'Picker: next' }
+  )
+
+  local function action_prev_line()
+    local max_line = #s_filtered_items:get()
+    local next_cursor_index = clamp(1, s_cursor_index:get() - 1, max_line)
+    if next_cursor_index - s_top_offset:get() < 1 then s_top_offset:set(s_top_offset:get() - 1) end
+    s_cursor_index:set(next_cursor_index)
+  end
+  vim.keymap.set(
+    'i',
+    '<C-p>',
+    safe_wrap(action_prev_line),
+    { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr, desc = 'Picker: previous' }
+  )
+  vim.keymap.set(
+    'i',
+    '<Up>',
+    safe_wrap(action_prev_line),
+    { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr, desc = 'Picker: previous' }
+  )
+
+  vim.keymap.set(
+    'i',
+    '<Tab>',
+    safe_wrap(function()
+      if not opts.multi then return end
+
+      local index = s_filtered_items:get()[s_cursor_index:get()].orig_idx
+      if vim.tbl_contains(s_selected_indices:get(), index) then
+        s_selected_indices:set(
+          vim.iter(s_selected_indices:get()):filter(function(i) return i ~= index end):totable()
+        )
+      else
+        local new_selected_indices = shallow_copy_arr(s_selected_indices:get())
+        table.insert(new_selected_indices, index)
+        s_selected_indices:set(new_selected_indices)
+      end
+      action_next_line()
+    end),
+    { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr }
+  )
+
+  for key, fn in pairs(opts.mappings or {}) do
+    vim.keymap.set(
+      'i',
+      key,
+      safe_wrap(function() return fn(controller) end),
+      { buffer = w_input_buf.bufnr }
+    )
+  end
+
+  -- Render:
+  H.unsubscribe_render_effect = tracker.create_effect(
+    safe_wrap(function()
+      local selected_indices = s_selected_indices:get()
+      local top_offset = s_top_offset:get()
+      local cursor_index = s_cursor_index:get()
+      --- @type { filtered_idx: number; orig_idx: number; item: T; formatted: string }[]
+      local visible_items = s_visible_items:get()
+
+      -- The above has to run in the execution context for the signaling to work, but
+      -- the following cannot run in a NeoVim loop-callback:
+      vim.schedule(function()
+        w_list_buf:render(TreeBuilder.new()
+          :nest(function(tb)
+            for loop_idx, inf in ipairs(visible_items) do
+              local is_cur_line = inf.filtered_idx == cursor_index
+              local is_selected = vim.tbl_contains(selected_indices, inf.orig_idx)
+
+              tb:put(loop_idx > 1 and '\n')
+              tb:put(is_cur_line and h('text', { hl = 'Structure' }, '❯') or ' ')
+              tb:put(is_selected and h('text', { hl = 'Comment' }, '* ') or '  ')
+              tb:put(inf.formatted)
+            end
+          end)
+          :tree())
+
+        -- set the window viewport to have the first line in view:
+        pcall(vim.api.nvim_win_call, w_list, function() vim.fn.winrestview { topline = 1 } end)
+        pcall(vim.api.nvim_win_set_cursor, w_list, { cursor_index - top_offset, 0 })
+      end)
+    end),
+    'e:render'
+  )
+
+  --
+  -- Populate the public API:
+  --
+  function controller.get_items()
+    return safe_run(function() return s_items_raw:get() end)
+  end
+
+  --- @param items T[]
+  function controller.set_items(items)
+    return safe_run(function() s_items_raw:set(items) end)
+  end
+
+  function controller.set_filter_text(filter_text)
+    return safe_run(function()
+      vim.api.nvim_win_call(w_input, function() vim.api.nvim_set_current_line(filter_text) end)
+    end)
+  end
+
+  function controller.get_selected_indices()
+    return safe_run(function() return s_selection_info:get().indices end)
+  end
+
+  function controller.get_selected_items()
+    return safe_run(function() return s_selection_info:get().items end)
+  end
+
+  --- @param indicies number[]
+  --- @param ephemeral? boolean
+  function controller.set_selected_indices(indicies, ephemeral)
+    return safe_run(function()
+      if ephemeral == nil then ephemeral = false end
+
+      if ephemeral and #indicies == 1 then
+        local matching_filtered_item_idx, _ = vim.iter(s_filtered_items:get()):enumerate():find(
+          function(_idx, inf) return inf.orig_idx == indicies[1] end
+        )
+        if matching_filtered_item_idx ~= nil then s_cursor_index:set(indicies[1]) end
+      else
+        if not opts.multi then
+          local err = 'Cannot set multiple selected indices on a single-select picker'
+          H.finish(true, err)
+          error(err)
+        end
+        s_selected_indices:set(indicies)
+      end
+    end)
+  end
+
+  function controller.close()
+    return safe_run(function() H.finish(true) end)
+  end
+
+  return controller --[[@as u.examples.SelectController]]
+end -- }}}
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- END create_picker
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- vim.ui.select override
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+local ORIGINAL_UI_SELECT
+function M.register_ui_select()
+  ORIGINAL_UI_SELECT = vim.ui.select
+  --- @generic T
+  --- @param items `T`[]
+  --- @param opts { prompt?: string, kind?: any, format_item?: fun(item: T):string }
+  --- @param cb fun(item: T|nil):any
+  --- @diagnostic disable-next-line: duplicate-set-field
+  function vim.ui.select(items, opts, cb)
+    M.create_picker {
+      items = items,
+      format_item = function(item)
+        local s = opts.format_item and opts.format_item(item) or tostring(item)
+        s = s:gsub('<', '&lt;')
+        return s
+      end,
+      on_finish = function(sel_items)
+        if #sel_items == 0 then cb(nil) end
+        cb(sel_items[#sel_items])
+      end,
+    }
+  end
+end
+function M.unregister_ui_select()
+  if not ORIGINAL_UI_SELECT then return end
+
+  vim.ui.select = ORIGINAL_UI_SELECT
+  ORIGINAL_UI_SELECT = nil
+end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Built-in pickers
+-- 1. files
+-- 2. buffers
+-- 3. code-symbols
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @param opts? { limit?: number }
+function M.files(opts) -- {{{
+  opts = opts or {}
+  opts.limit = opts.limit or 10000
+
+  local cmd = {}
+  if vim.fn.executable 'rg' then
+    cmd = {
+      'rg',
+      '--color=never',
+      '--files',
+      '--hidden',
+      '--follow',
+      '-g',
+      '!.git',
+      '-g',
+      '!node_modules',
+      '-g',
+      '!target',
+    }
+  elseif vim.fn.executable 'fd' then
+    cmd = {
+      'fd',
+      '--color=never',
+      '--type',
+      'f',
+      '--hidden',
+      '--follow',
+      '--exclude',
+      '.git',
+      '--exclude',
+      'node_modules',
+      '--exclude',
+      'target',
+    }
+  elseif vim.fn.executable 'find' then
+    cmd = {
+      'find',
+      '-type',
+      'f',
+      '-not',
+      '-path',
+      "'*/.git/*'",
+      '-not',
+      '-path',
+      "'*/node_modules/*'",
+      '-not',
+      '-path',
+      "'*/target/*'",
+      '-printf',
+      "'%P\n'",
+    }
+  end
+
+  if #cmd == 0 then
+    vim.notify('rg/fd/find executable not found: cannot list files', vim.log.levels.ERROR)
+    return
+  end
+
+  -- Keep track of the job that will list files independent from the picker. We
+  -- will stream lines from this process to the picker as they come in:
+  local job_inf = { id = 0, proc_lines = {}, notified_over_limit = false }
+
+  -- Initially, create the picker with no items:
+  local picker = M.create_picker {
+    multi = true,
+    items = {},
+
+    --- @params items string[]
+    on_finish = function(items)
+      pcall(vim.fn.jobstop, job_inf.id)
+
+      if #items == 0 then return end
+      if #items == 1 then
+        vim.cmd.edit(items[1])
+      else
+        -- populate quickfix:
+        vim.fn.setqflist(vim
+          .iter(items)
+          :map(
+            function(item)
+              return {
+                filename = item,
+                lnum = 1,
+                col = 1,
+              }
+            end
+          )
+          :totable())
+        vim.cmd.copen()
+      end
+    end,
+
+    mappings = {
+      ['<C-t>'] = function(sel)
+        sel.close()
+        --- @type string[]
+        local items = sel.get_selected_items()
+
+        -- open in new tab:
+        for _, item in ipairs(items) do
+          vim.cmd.tabnew(item)
+        end
+      end,
+
+      ['<C-v>'] = function(sel)
+        sel.close()
+        --- @type string[]
+        local items = sel.get_selected_items()
+
+        -- open in vertical split:
+        for _, item in ipairs(items) do
+          vim.cmd.vsplit(item)
+        end
+      end,
+
+      ['<C-s>'] = function(sel)
+        sel.close()
+        --- @type string[]
+        local items = sel.get_selected_items()
+
+        -- open in horizontal split:
+        for _, item in ipairs(items) do
+          vim.cmd.split(item)
+        end
+      end,
+    },
+  }
+
+  -- Kick off the process that lists the files. As lines come in, send them to
+  -- the picker:
+  job_inf.id = vim.fn.jobstart(cmd, {
+    --- @param data string[]
+    on_stdout = vim.schedule_wrap(function(_chanid, data, _name)
+      local lines = job_inf.proc_lines
+      local function set_lines_as_items_state()
+        picker.set_items(vim
+          .iter(lines)
+          :enumerate()
+          :filter(function(idx, item)
+            -- Filter out an incomplete last line:
+            local is_last_line = idx == #lines
+            if is_last_line and item == '' then return false end
+            return true
+          end)
+          :map(function(_, item) return item end)
+          :totable())
+      end
+
+      -- It's just not a good idea to process large lists with Lua. The default
+      -- limit is 10,000 items, and even crunching through this is iffy on a
+      -- fast laptop. Show a warning and truncate the list in this case.
+      if #lines >= opts.limit then
+        if not job_inf.notified_over_limit then
+          vim.notify(
+            'Picker list is too large (truncating list to ' .. opts.limit .. ' items)',
+            vim.log.levels.WARN
+          )
+          pcall(vim.fn.jobstop, job_inf.id)
+          job_inf.notified_over_limit = true
+        end
+        return
+      end
+
+      -- :help channel-lines
+
+      local eof = #data == 1 and data[1] == ''
+      if eof then set_lines_as_items_state() end
+
+      -- Complete the previous line:
+      if #lines > 0 then lines[#lines] = lines[#lines] .. table.remove(data, 1) end
+
+      for _, l in ipairs(data) do
+        table.insert(lines, l)
+      end
+
+      set_lines_as_items_state()
+    end),
+  })
+end -- }}}
+
+function M.buffers() -- {{{
+  local cwd = vim.fn.getcwd()
+  -- ensure that `cwd` ends with a trailing slash:
+  if cwd[#cwd] ~= '/' then cwd = cwd .. '/' end
+
+  --- @type { name: string; changed: number; bufnr: number }[]
+  local bufs = vim.fn.getbufinfo { buflisted = 1 }
+
+  M.create_picker {
+    multi = true,
+    items = bufs,
+
+    --- @param item { name: string; changed: number; bufnr: number }
+    format_item = function(item)
+      local item_name = item.name
+      if item_name == '' then item_name = '[No Name]' end
+      -- trim leading `cwd` from the buffer name:
+      if item_name:sub(1, #cwd) == cwd then item_name = item_name:sub(#cwd + 1) end
+
+      return TreeBuilder.new():put(item.changed == 1 and '[+] ' or '    '):put(item_name):tree()
+    end,
+
+    --- @params items { bufnr: number }[]
+    on_finish = function(items)
+      if #items == 0 then return end
+      if #items == 1 then
+        vim.cmd.buffer(items[1].bufnr)
+      else
+        -- populate quickfix:
+        vim.fn.setqflist(vim
+          .iter(items)
+          :map(
+            function(item)
+              return {
+                bufnr = item.bufnr,
+                filename = item.name,
+                lnum = 1,
+                col = 1,
+              }
+            end
+          )
+          :totable())
+        vim.cmd.copen()
+      end
+    end,
+
+    mappings = {
+      ['<C-t>'] = function(sel)
+        sel.close()
+        --- @type { bufnr: number }[]
+        local items = sel.get_selected_items()
+
+        -- open in new tab:
+        for _, item in ipairs(items) do
+          vim.cmd.tabnew()
+          vim.cmd.buffer(item.bufnr)
+        end
+      end,
+
+      ['<C-v>'] = function(sel)
+        sel.close()
+        --- @type { bufnr: number }[]
+        local items = sel.get_selected_items()
+
+        -- open in new vertial split:
+        for _, item in ipairs(items) do
+          vim.cmd.vsplit()
+          vim.cmd.buffer(item.bufnr)
+        end
+      end,
+
+      ['<C-s>'] = function(sel)
+        sel.close()
+        --- @type { bufnr: number }[]
+        local items = sel.get_selected_items()
+
+        -- open in horizontal split:
+        for _, item in ipairs(items) do
+          vim.cmd.split()
+          vim.cmd.buffer(item.bufnr)
+        end
+      end,
+
+      ['<C-x>'] = function(sel)
+        local selected_items = sel.get_selected_items()
+        for _, item in ipairs(selected_items) do
+          -- delete the buffer
+          vim.cmd.bdelete(item.bufnr)
+        end
+
+        sel.set_selected_indices {}
+        sel.set_items(
+          vim
+            .iter(sel.get_items())
+            :filter(function(item) return not vim.tbl_contains(selected_items, item) end)
+            :totable()
+        )
+      end,
+    },
+  }
+end -- }}}
+
+local IS_CODE_SYMBOL_RUNNING = false
+function M.lsp_code_symbols() -- {{{
+  if IS_CODE_SYMBOL_RUNNING then return end
+  IS_CODE_SYMBOL_RUNNING = true
+
+  -- Avoid callback-hell with a wizard-based "steps"-system. Define each "step"
+  -- sequentially in the code, and wire up the callbacks to call the next step:
+  -- a simple, yet powerful, and easy to understand pattern/approach.
+  local STEPS = {}
+
+  --- @param info vim.lsp.LocationOpts.OnList
+  function STEPS._1_on_symbols(info)
+    M.create_picker {
+      items = info.items,
+      --- @param item { text: string }
+      format_item = function(item)
+        local s = item.text:gsub('<', '&lt;')
+        return s
+      end,
+      on_finish = STEPS._2_on_symbol_picked,
+    }
+  end
+
+  --- @param items { filename: string, lnum: integer, col: integer }[]
+  function STEPS._2_on_symbol_picked(items)
+    if #items == 0 then return STEPS._finally() end
+
+    local item = items[1]
+
+    -- Jump to the file/buffer:
+    local buf = vim
+      .iter(vim.fn.getbufinfo { buflisted = 1 })
+      :find(function(b) return b.name == item.filename end)
+    if buf ~= nil then
+      vim.api.nvim_win_set_buf(0, buf.bufnr)
+    else
+      vim.cmd.edit(item.filename)
+    end
+
+    -- Jump to the specific location:
+    vim.api.nvim_win_set_cursor(0, { item.lnum, item.col - 1 })
+    vim.cmd.normal 'zz'
+
+    STEPS._finally()
+  end
+
+  function STEPS._finally() IS_CODE_SYMBOL_RUNNING = false end
+
+  -- Kick off the async operation:
+  vim.lsp.buf.document_symbol { on_list = STEPS._1_on_symbols }
+end -- }}}
+
+function M.setup()
+  utils.ucmd('Files', M.files)
+  utils.ucmd('Buffers', M.buffers)
+  utils.ucmd('Lspcodesymbols', M.lsp_code_symbols)
+end
+
+return M

examples/splitjoin.lua

@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
---
--- Split/Join: toggles between single-line and multi-line forms for bracketed expressions.
--- Example: { a, b, c } <-> {\n  a,\n  b,\n  c\n}
--- Maps to gS in normal mode.
---
-local Range = require('u').Range
-local vim_repeat = require('u').repeat_
+local CodeWriter = require 'u.codewriter'
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+local vim_repeat = require 'u.repeat'
 
 local M = {}
 
@@ -12,27 +8,8 @@ local M = {}
 --- @param left string
 --- @param right string
 local function split(bracket_range, left, right)
-  local bufnr = bracket_range.start.bufnr
-  local first_line = Range.from_line(bufnr, bracket_range.start.lnum):text()
-  local ws = first_line:match '^%s*'
-  local expandtab = vim.bo[bufnr].expandtab
-  local shiftwidth = vim.bo[bufnr].shiftwidth
-
-  local indent_str, base_indent
-  if expandtab then
-    indent_str = string.rep(' ', shiftwidth)
-    base_indent = math.floor(#ws / shiftwidth)
-  else
-    indent_str = '\t'
-    base_indent = #ws
-  end
-
-  local lines = {}
-  local function write(line, indent_offset)
-    table.insert(lines, indent_str:rep(base_indent + (indent_offset or 0)) .. line)
-  end
-
-  table.insert(lines, left)
+  local code = CodeWriter.from_pos(bracket_range.start)
+  code:write_raw(left)
 
   local curr = bracket_range.start:next()
   if curr == nil then return end
@@ -50,7 +27,7 @@ local function split(bracket_range, left, right)
       if vim.tbl_contains({ ',', ';' }, curr:char()) then
         -- accumulate item:
         local item = vim.trim(Range.new(last_start, curr):text())
-        if item ~= '' then write(item, 1) end
+        if item ~= '' then code:indent():write(item) end
 
         local next_last_start = curr:next()
         if next_last_start == nil then break end
@@ -68,11 +45,11 @@ local function split(bracket_range, left, right)
   local pos_before_right = bracket_range.stop:must_next(-1)
   if last_start < pos_before_right then
     local item = vim.trim(Range.new(last_start, pos_before_right):text())
-    if item ~= '' then write(item, 1) end
+    if item ~= '' then code:indent():write(item) end
   end
 
-  write(right)
-  bracket_range:replace(lines)
+  code:write(right)
+  bracket_range:replace(code.lines)
 end
 
 --- @param bracket_range u.Range

examples/surround.lua

@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
---
--- Surround: add, change, and delete surrounding characters (quotes, brackets, HTML tags).
---
--- Mappings:
---   ys{motion}{char} - add surround (e.g., ysiw" surrounds word with quotes)
---   cs{from}{to}     - change surround (e.g., cs"' changes " to ')
---   ds{char}         - delete surround (e.g., ds" removes surrounding quotes)
---   S{char}          - surround visual selection
---
-local Range = require('u').Range
-local vim_repeat = require('u').repeat_
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local CodeWriter = require 'u.codewriter'
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+local vim_repeat = require 'u.repeat'
 
 local M = {}
 
@@ -28,37 +21,47 @@ local surrounds = {
   ['`'] = { left = '`', right = '`' },
 }
 
---- @type { left: string, right: string } | nil
+--- @type { left: string; right: string } | nil
 local CACHED_BOUNDS = nil
 
---- @return { left: string, right: string }|nil
+--- @return { left: string; right: string }|nil
 local function prompt_for_bounds()
-  if vim_repeat.is_repeating() then return CACHED_BOUNDS end
+  if vim_repeat.is_repeating() then
+    -- If we are repeating, we don't want to prompt for bounds, because
+    -- we want to reuse the last bounds:
+    return CACHED_BOUNDS
+  end
 
   local cn = vim.fn.getchar()
+  -- Check for non-printable characters:
   if type(cn) ~= 'number' or cn < 32 or cn > 126 then return end
   local c = vim.fn.nr2char(cn)
 
   if c == '<' then
+    -- Surround with a tag:
     vim.keymap.set('c', '>', '><CR>')
     local tag = '<' .. vim.fn.input '<'
     if tag == '<' then return end
     vim.keymap.del('c', '>')
     local endtag = '</' .. tag:sub(2):match '[^ >]*' .. '>'
+    -- selene: allow(global_usage)
     CACHED_BOUNDS = { left = tag, right = endtag }
     return CACHED_BOUNDS
   else
-    CACHED_BOUNDS = surrounds[c] or { left = c, right = c }
+    -- Default surround:
+    CACHED_BOUNDS = (surrounds)[c] or { left = c, right = c }
     return CACHED_BOUNDS
   end
 end
 
 --- @param range u.Range
---- @param bounds { left: string, right: string }
+--- @param bounds { left: string; right: string }
 local function do_surround(range, bounds)
   local left = bounds.left
   local right = bounds.right
   if range.mode == 'V' then
+    -- If we are surrounding multiple lines, we don't care about
+    -- space-padding:
     left = vim.trim(left)
     right = vim.trim(right)
   end
@@ -66,35 +69,29 @@ local function do_surround(range, bounds)
   if range.mode == 'v' then
     range:replace(left .. range:text() .. right)
   elseif range.mode == 'V' then
-    local bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-    local first_line = Range.from_line(bufnr, range.start.lnum):text()
-    local ws = first_line:match '^%s*'
-    local expandtab = vim.bo[bufnr].expandtab
-    local shiftwidth = vim.bo[bufnr].shiftwidth
+    local buf = Buffer.current()
+    local cw = CodeWriter.from_line(range.start:line(), buf.bufnr)
 
-    local indent_str, base_indent
-    if expandtab then
-      indent_str = string.rep(' ', shiftwidth)
-      base_indent = math.floor(#ws / shiftwidth)
-    else
-      indent_str = '\t'
-      base_indent = #ws
-    end
+    -- write the left bound at the current indent level:
+    cw:write(left)
 
-    local lines = {}
-    local function write(line, indent_offset)
-      table.insert(lines, indent_str:rep(base_indent + (indent_offset or 0)) .. line)
-    end
+    local curr_ident_prefix = cw.indent_str:rep(cw.indent_level)
+    cw:indent(function(cw2)
+      for _, line in ipairs(range:lines()) do
+        -- trim the current indent prefix from the line:
+        if line:sub(1, #curr_ident_prefix) == curr_ident_prefix then
+          --
+          line = line:sub(#curr_ident_prefix + 1)
+        end
 
-    write(left)
-    local indent_prefix = indent_str:rep(base_indent)
-    for _, line in ipairs(range:lines()) do
-      if line:sub(1, #indent_prefix) == indent_prefix then line = line:sub(#indent_prefix + 1) end
-      write(line, 1)
-    end
-    write(right)
+        cw2:write(line)
+      end
+    end)
 
-    range:replace(lines)
+    -- write the right bound at the current indent level:
+    cw:write(right)
+
+    range:replace(cw.lines)
   end
 
   range.start:save_to_pos '.'
@@ -197,7 +194,7 @@ function M.setup()
       local txt_obj = vim_repeat.is_repeating() and CACHED_DELETE_FROM or vim.fn.getcharstr()
       CACHED_DELETE_FROM = txt_obj
 
-      local bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
+      local buf = Buffer.current()
       local irange = Range.from_motion('i' .. txt_obj)
       local arange = Range.from_motion('a' .. txt_obj)
       if arange == nil or irange == nil then return end
@@ -219,11 +216,11 @@ function M.setup()
         -- `arange` as the final resulting range that holds the modified text
 
         -- delete last line, if it is empty:
-        local last = Range.from_line(bufnr, arange.stop.lnum)
+        local last = buf:line(arange.stop.lnum)
         if last:text():match '^%s*$' then last:replace(nil) end
 
         -- delete first line, if it is empty:
-        local first = Range.from_line(bufnr, arange.start.lnum)
+        local first = buf:line(arange.start.lnum)
         if first:text():match '^%s*$' then first:replace(nil) end
       else
         -- trim start:

examples/text-objects.lua

@@ -1,28 +1,20 @@
---
--- Custom text objects:
---   ag   - whole file
---   a.   - current line
---   aq/iq - nearest quote (any type)
---   a"/i", a'/i', a`/i` - specific quotes
---   al"/il", al'/il', al`/il` - "last" quote (searches backward)
---   alB/ilB, al]/il], alb/ilb, al>/il> - "last" bracket objects
---
-local u = require 'u'
-local Pos = u.Pos
-local Range = u.Range
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local Pos = require 'u.pos'
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+local txtobj = require 'u.txtobj'
 
 local M = {}
 
 function M.setup()
   -- Select whole file:
-  u.define_txtobj('ag', function() return Range.from_buf_text(0) end)
+  txtobj.define('ag', function() return Buffer.current():all() end)
 
   -- Select current line:
-  u.define_txtobj('a.', function() return Range.from_line(0, Pos.from_pos('.').lnum) end)
+  txtobj.define('a.', function() return Buffer.current():line(Pos.from_pos('.').lnum) end)
 
   -- Select the nearest quote:
-  u.define_txtobj('aq', function() return Range.find_nearest_quotes() end)
-  u.define_txtobj('iq', function()
+  txtobj.define('aq', function() return Range.find_nearest_quotes() end)
+  txtobj.define('iq', function()
     local range = Range.find_nearest_quotes()
     if range == nil then return end
     return range:shrink(1)
@@ -33,8 +25,8 @@ function M.setup()
   local function define_quote_obj(q)
     local function select_around() return Range.from_motion('a' .. q) end
 
-    u.define_txtobj('a' .. q, function() return select_around() end)
-    u.define_txtobj('i' .. q, function()
+    txtobj.define('a' .. q, function() return select_around() end)
+    txtobj.define('i' .. q, function()
       local range = select_around()
       if range == nil or range:is_empty() then return range end
 
@@ -59,8 +51,8 @@ function M.setup()
       return Range.from_motion('a' .. q)
     end
 
-    u.define_txtobj('al' .. q, function() return select_around() end)
-    u.define_txtobj('il' .. q, function()
+    txtobj.define('al' .. q, function() return select_around() end)
+    txtobj.define('il' .. q, function()
       local range = select_around()
       if range == nil or range:is_empty() then return range end
 
@@ -90,8 +82,8 @@ function M.setup()
     local keybinds = { ... }
     table.insert(keybinds, b)
     for _, k in ipairs(keybinds) do
-      u.define_txtobj('al' .. k, function() return select_around() end)
-      u.define_txtobj('il' .. k, function()
+      txtobj.define('al' .. k, function() return select_around() end)
+      txtobj.define('il' .. k, function()
         local range = select_around()
         return range and range:shrink(1)
       end)

lua/u/.luarc.json

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/LuaLS/vscode-lua/master/setting/schema.json",
+  "diagnostics.globals": ["assert", "vim"],
+  "runtime.version": "LuaJIT"
+}

lua/u/buffer.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+local Renderer = require('u.renderer').Renderer
+
+--- @class u.Buffer
+--- @field bufnr integer
+--- @field b vim.var_accessor
+--- @field bo vim.bo
+--- @field renderer u.renderer.Renderer
+local Buffer = {}
+Buffer.__index = Buffer
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+--- @return u.Buffer
+function Buffer.from_nr(bufnr)
+  if bufnr == nil or bufnr == 0 then bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+  local renderer = Renderer.new(bufnr)
+  return setmetatable({
+    bufnr = bufnr,
+    b = vim.b[bufnr],
+    bo = vim.bo[bufnr],
+    renderer = renderer,
+  }, Buffer)
+end
+
+--- @return u.Buffer
+function Buffer.current() return Buffer.from_nr(0) end
+
+--- @param listed boolean
+--- @param scratch boolean
+--- @return u.Buffer
+function Buffer.create(listed, scratch)
+  return Buffer.from_nr(vim.api.nvim_create_buf(listed, scratch))
+end
+
+function Buffer:set_tmp_options()
+  self.bo.bufhidden = 'delete'
+  self.bo.buflisted = false
+  self.bo.buftype = 'nowrite'
+end
+
+function Buffer:line_count() return vim.api.nvim_buf_line_count(self.bufnr) end
+
+function Buffer:all() return Range.from_buf_text(self.bufnr) end
+
+function Buffer:is_empty() return self:line_count() == 1 and self:line(1):text() == '' end
+
+--- @param line string
+function Buffer:append_line(line)
+  local start = -1
+  if self:is_empty() then start = -2 end
+  vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(self.bufnr, start, -1, false, { line })
+end
+
+--- @param num number 1-based line index
+function Buffer:line(num)
+  if num < 0 then num = self:line_count() + num + 1 end
+  return Range.from_line(self.bufnr, num)
+end
+
+--- @param start number 1-based line index
+--- @param stop number 1-based line index
+function Buffer:lines(start, stop) return Range.from_lines(self.bufnr, start, stop) end
+
+--- @param motion string
+--- @param opts? { contains_cursor?: boolean; pos?: u.Pos }
+function Buffer:motion(motion, opts)
+  opts = vim.tbl_extend('force', opts or {}, { bufnr = self.bufnr })
+  return Range.from_motion(motion, opts)
+end
+
+--- @param event vim.api.keyset.events|vim.api.keyset.events[]
+--- @diagnostic disable-next-line: undefined-doc-name
+--- @param opts vim.api.keyset.create_autocmd
+function Buffer:autocmd(event, opts)
+  vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd(event, vim.tbl_extend('force', opts, { buffer = self.bufnr }))
+end
+
+--- @param fn function
+function Buffer:call(fn) return vim.api.nvim_buf_call(self.bufnr, fn) end
+
+--- @param tree u.renderer.Tree
+function Buffer:render(tree) return self.renderer:render(tree) end
+
+--- Filter buffer content through an external command (like Vim's :%!)
+--- @param cmd string[] Command to run (with arguments)
+--- @param opts? {cwd?: string, preserve_cursor?: boolean}
+--- @return nil
+--- @throws string Error message if command fails
+--- @note Special placeholders in cmd:
+---   - $FILE: replaced with the buffer's filename (if any)
+---   - $DIR: replaced with the buffer's directory (if any)
+function Buffer:filter_cmd(cmd, opts)
+  opts = opts or {}
+  local cwd = opts.cwd or vim.uv.cwd()
+  local old_lines = self:all():lines()
+  -- Save cursor position if needed, defaulting to true
+  local save_pos = opts.preserve_cursor ~= false and vim.fn.winsaveview()
+
+  -- Run the command
+  local result = vim
+    .system(
+      -- Replace special placeholders in `cmd` with their values:
+      vim
+        .iter(cmd)
+        :map(function(x)
+          if x == '$FILE' then return vim.api.nvim_buf_get_name(self.bufnr) end
+          if x == '$DIR' then return vim.fs.dirname(vim.api.nvim_buf_get_name(self.bufnr)) end
+          return x
+        end)
+        :totable(),
+      {
+        cwd = cwd,
+        stdin = old_lines,
+        text = true,
+      }
+    )
+    :wait()
+
+  -- Check for command failure
+  if result.code ~= 0 then error('Command failed: ' .. (result.stderr or '')) end
+
+  -- Process and apply the result
+  local new_lines = vim.split(result.stdout, '\n')
+  if new_lines[#new_lines] == '' then table.remove(new_lines) end
+  Renderer.patch_lines(self.bufnr, old_lines, new_lines)
+
+  -- Restore cursor position if saved
+  if save_pos then vim.fn.winrestview(save_pos) end
+end
+
+return Buffer

lua/u/codewriter.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+
+--- @class u.CodeWriter
+--- @field lines string[]
+--- @field indent_level number
+--- @field indent_str string
+local CodeWriter = {}
+CodeWriter.__index = CodeWriter
+
+--- @param indent_level? number
+--- @param indent_str? string
+--- @return u.CodeWriter
+function CodeWriter.new(indent_level, indent_str)
+  if indent_level == nil then indent_level = 0 end
+  if indent_str == nil then indent_str = '  ' end
+
+  local cw = {
+    lines = {},
+    indent_level = indent_level,
+    indent_str = indent_str,
+  }
+  setmetatable(cw, CodeWriter)
+  return cw
+end
+
+--- @param p u.Pos
+function CodeWriter.from_pos(p)
+  local line = Buffer.from_nr(p.bufnr):line(p.lnum):text()
+  return CodeWriter.from_line(line, p.bufnr)
+end
+
+--- @param line string
+--- @param bufnr? number
+function CodeWriter.from_line(line, bufnr)
+  if bufnr == nil or bufnr == 0 then bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+
+  local ws = line:match '^%s*'
+  local expandtab = vim.api.nvim_get_option_value('expandtab', { buf = bufnr })
+  local shiftwidth = vim.api.nvim_get_option_value('shiftwidth', { buf = bufnr })
+
+  --- @type number
+  local indent_level
+  local indent_str = ''
+  if expandtab then
+    while #indent_str < shiftwidth do
+      indent_str = indent_str .. ' '
+    end
+    indent_level = #ws / shiftwidth
+  else
+    indent_str = '\t'
+    indent_level = #ws
+  end
+
+  return CodeWriter.new(indent_level, indent_str)
+end
+
+--- @param line string
+function CodeWriter:write_raw(line)
+  if line:find '\n' then error 'line contains newline character' end
+  table.insert(self.lines, line)
+end
+
+--- @param line string
+function CodeWriter:write(line) self:write_raw(self.indent_str:rep(self.indent_level) .. line) end
+
+--- @param f? fun(cw: u.CodeWriter):any
+function CodeWriter:indent(f)
+  local cw = {
+    lines = self.lines,
+    indent_level = self.indent_level + 1,
+    indent_str = self.indent_str,
+  }
+  setmetatable(cw, { __index = CodeWriter })
+  if f ~= nil then f(cw) end
+  return cw
+end
+
+return CodeWriter

lua/u/extmark.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+local Pos = require 'u.pos'
+
+---@class u.Extmark
+---@field bufnr integer
+---@field id integer
+---@field nsid integer
+local Extmark = {}
+Extmark.__index = Extmark
+
+--- @param bufnr integer
+--- @param nsid integer
+--- @param id integer
+function Extmark.new(bufnr, nsid, id)
+  return setmetatable({
+    bufnr = bufnr,
+    nsid = nsid,
+    id = id,
+  }, Extmark)
+end
+
+--- @param range u.Range
+--- @param nsid integer
+function Extmark.from_range(range, nsid)
+  local r = range:to_charwise()
+  local stop = r.stop or r.start
+  local end_row = stop.lnum - 1
+  local end_col = stop.col
+  if range.mode == 'V' then
+    end_row = end_row + 1
+    end_col = 0
+  end
+  local id = vim.api.nvim_buf_set_extmark(r.start.bufnr, nsid, r.start.lnum - 1, r.start.col - 1, {
+    right_gravity = false,
+    end_right_gravity = true,
+    end_row = end_row,
+    end_col = end_col,
+  })
+  return Extmark.new(r.start.bufnr, nsid, id)
+end
+
+function Extmark:range()
+  local Range = require 'u.range'
+
+  local raw_extmark =
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_get_extmark_by_id(self.bufnr, self.nsid, self.id, { details = true })
+  local start_row0, start_col0, details = unpack(raw_extmark)
+
+  --- @type u.Pos
+  local start = Pos.from00(self.bufnr, start_row0, start_col0)
+  --- @type u.Pos?
+  local stop = details
+    and details.end_row
+    and details.end_col
+    and Pos.from01(self.bufnr, details.end_row, details.end_col)
+
+  local n_buf_lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_line_count(self.bufnr)
+  if stop and stop.lnum > n_buf_lines then
+    stop.lnum = n_buf_lines
+    stop = stop:eol()
+  end
+  if stop and stop.col == 0 then
+    stop.col = 1
+    stop = stop:next(-1)
+  end
+
+  return Range.new(start, stop, 'v')
+end
+
+function Extmark:delete() vim.api.nvim_buf_del_extmark(self.bufnr, self.nsid, self.id) end
+
+return Extmark

lua/u/logger.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+local M = {}
+
+local LOG_ROOT = vim.fs.joinpath(vim.fn.stdpath 'cache', 'u.log')
+
+--- @params name string
+function M.file_for_name(name) return vim.fs.joinpath(LOG_ROOT, name .. '.log.jsonl') end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Logger class
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @class u.Logger
+--- @field name string
+local Logger = {}
+Logger.__index = Logger
+M.Logger = Logger
+
+--- @param name string
+function Logger.new(name)
+  local file_path = M.file_for_name(name)
+  vim.fn.mkdir(vim.fs.dirname(file_path), 'p')
+  local self = setmetatable({ name = name }, Logger)
+  return self
+end
+
+--- @private
+--- @param level string
+function Logger:write(level, ...)
+  local data = { ... }
+  if #data == 1 then data = data[1] end
+  local f = assert(io.open(M.file_for_name(self.name), 'a'), 'could not open file')
+  assert(
+    f:write(vim.json.encode { ts = os.date(), level = level, data = data } .. '\n'),
+    'could not write to file'
+  )
+  f:close()
+end
+
+function Logger:trace(...) self:write('INFO', ...) end
+function Logger:debug(...) self:write('DEBUG', ...) end
+function Logger:info(...) self:write('INFO', ...) end
+function Logger:warn(...) self:write('WARN', ...) end
+function Logger:error(...) self:write('ERROR', ...) end
+
+function M.setup()
+  vim.api.nvim_create_user_command('Logfollow', function(args)
+    if #args.fargs == 0 then
+      vim.print 'expected log name'
+      return
+    end
+
+    local log_file_path = M.file_for_name(args.fargs[1])
+    vim.fn.mkdir(vim.fs.dirname(log_file_path), 'p')
+    vim.system({ 'touch', log_file_path }):wait()
+
+    vim.cmd.new()
+
+    local winnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_win()
+    vim.wo[winnr][0].number = false
+    vim.wo[winnr][0].relativenumber = false
+
+    vim.cmd.terminal('tail -f "' .. log_file_path .. '"')
+    vim.cmd.startinsert()
+  end, { nargs = '*' })
+
+  vim.api.nvim_create_user_command(
+    'Logroot',
+    function() vim.api.nvim_echo({ { LOG_ROOT } }, false, {}) end,
+    {}
+  )
+end
+
+return M

lua/u/opkeymap.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+
+--- @type fun(range: u.Range): nil|(fun():any)
+local __U__OpKeymapOpFunc_rhs = nil
+
+--- This is the global utility function used for operatorfunc
+--- in opkeymap
+--- @type nil|fun(range: u.Range): fun():any|nil
+--- @param ty 'line'|'char'|'block'
+-- selene: allow(unused_variable)
+function _G.__U__OpKeymapOpFunc(ty)
+  if __U__OpKeymapOpFunc_rhs ~= nil then
+    local range = Range.from_op_func(ty)
+    __U__OpKeymapOpFunc_rhs(range)
+  end
+end
+
+--- Registers a function that operates on a text-object, triggered by the given prefix (lhs).
+--- It works in the following way:
+--- 1. An expression-map is set, so that whatever the callback returns is executed by Vim (in this case `g@`)
+---    g@: tells vim to way for a motion, and then call operatorfunc.
+--- 2. The operatorfunc is set to a lua function that computes the range being operated over, that
+---    then calls the original passed callback with said range.
+--- @param mode string|string[]
+--- @param lhs string
+--- @param rhs fun(range: u.Range): nil
+--- @diagnostic disable-next-line: undefined-doc-name
+--- @param opts? vim.keymap.set.Opts
+local function opkeymap(mode, lhs, rhs, opts)
+  vim.keymap.set(mode, lhs, function()
+    -- We don't need to wrap the operation in a repeat, because expr mappings are
+    -- repeated seamlessly by Vim anyway. In addition, the u.repeat:`.` mapping will
+    -- set IS_REPEATING to true, so that callbacks can check if they should used cached
+    -- values.
+    __U__OpKeymapOpFunc_rhs = rhs
+    vim.o.operatorfunc = 'v:lua.__U__OpKeymapOpFunc'
+    return 'g@'
+  end, vim.tbl_extend('force', opts or {}, { expr = true }))
+end
+
+return opkeymap

lua/u/pos.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+local MAX_COL = vim.v.maxcol
+
+--- @param bufnr number
+--- @param lnum number 1-based
+local function line_text(bufnr, lnum)
+  return vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(bufnr, lnum - 1, lnum, false)[1]
+end
+
+--- @class u.Pos
+--- @field bufnr integer buffer number
+--- @field lnum integer 1-based line index
+--- @field col integer 1-based column index
+--- @field off number
+local Pos = {}
+Pos.__index = Pos
+Pos.MAX_COL = MAX_COL
+
+function Pos.__tostring(self)
+  if self.off ~= 0 then
+    return string.format('Pos(%d:%d){bufnr=%d, off=%d}', self.lnum, self.col, self.bufnr, self.off)
+  else
+    return string.format('Pos(%d:%d){bufnr=%d}', self.lnum, self.col, self.bufnr)
+  end
+end
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+--- @param lnum number 1-based
+--- @param col number 1-based
+--- @param off? number
+--- @return u.Pos
+function Pos.new(bufnr, lnum, col, off)
+  if bufnr == nil or bufnr == 0 then bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+  if off == nil then off = 0 end
+  --- @type u.Pos
+  return setmetatable({
+    bufnr = bufnr,
+    lnum = lnum,
+    col = col,
+    off = off,
+  }, Pos)
+end
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+--- @param lnum0 number 1-based
+--- @param col0 number 1-based
+--- @param off? number
+function Pos.from00(bufnr, lnum0, col0, off) return Pos.new(bufnr, lnum0 + 1, col0 + 1, off) end
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+--- @param lnum0 number 1-based
+--- @param col1 number 1-based
+--- @param off? number
+function Pos.from01(bufnr, lnum0, col1, off) return Pos.new(bufnr, lnum0 + 1, col1, off) end
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+--- @param lnum1 number 1-based
+--- @param col0 number 1-based
+--- @param off? number
+function Pos.from10(bufnr, lnum1, col0, off) return Pos.new(bufnr, lnum1, col0 + 1, off) end
+
+function Pos.invalid() return Pos.new(0, 0, 0, 0) end
+
+function Pos.__lt(a, b) return a.lnum < b.lnum or (a.lnum == b.lnum and a.col < b.col) end
+function Pos.__le(a, b) return a < b or a == b end
+function Pos.__eq(a, b)
+  return getmetatable(a) == Pos
+    and getmetatable(b) == Pos
+    and a.bufnr == b.bufnr
+    and a.lnum == b.lnum
+    and a.col == b.col
+end
+function Pos.__add(x, y)
+  if type(x) == 'number' then
+    x, y = y, x
+  end
+  if getmetatable(x) ~= Pos or type(y) ~= 'number' then return nil end
+  return x:next(y)
+end
+function Pos.__sub(x, y)
+  if type(x) == 'number' then
+    x, y = y, x
+  end
+  if getmetatable(x) ~= Pos or type(y) ~= 'number' then return nil end
+  return x:next(-y)
+end
+
+--- @param bufnr number
+--- @param lnum number
+function Pos.from_eol(bufnr, lnum)
+  if bufnr == nil or bufnr == 0 then bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+  local pos = Pos.new(bufnr, lnum, 0)
+  pos.col = pos:line():len()
+  return pos
+end
+
+--- @param name string
+--- @return u.Pos
+function Pos.from_pos(name)
+  local p = vim.fn.getpos(name)
+  return Pos.new(p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4])
+end
+
+function Pos:is_invalid() return self.lnum == 0 and self.col == 0 and self.off == 0 end
+
+function Pos:clone() return Pos.new(self.bufnr, self.lnum, self.col, self.off) end
+
+--- @return boolean
+function Pos:is_col_max() return self.col == MAX_COL end
+
+--- Normalize the position to a real position (take into account vim.v.maxcol).
+function Pos:as_real()
+  local maxlen = #line_text(self.bufnr, self.lnum)
+  local col = self.col
+  if col > maxlen then
+    -- We could use utilities in this file to get the given line, but
+    -- since this is a low-level function, we are going to optimize and
+    -- use the API directly:
+    col = maxlen
+  end
+  return Pos.new(self.bufnr, self.lnum, col, self.off)
+end
+
+function Pos:as_vim() return { self.bufnr, self.lnum, self.col, self.off } end
+
+function Pos:eol() return Pos.from_eol(self.bufnr, self.lnum) end
+
+--- @param pos string
+function Pos:save_to_pos(pos) vim.fn.setpos(pos, { self.bufnr, self.lnum, self.col, self.off }) end
+
+--- @param winnr? integer
+function Pos:save_to_cursor(winnr)
+  vim.api.nvim_win_set_cursor(winnr or 0, { self.lnum, self.col - 1 })
+end
+
+--- @param mark string
+function Pos:save_to_mark(mark)
+  local p = self:as_real()
+  vim.api.nvim_buf_set_mark(p.bufnr, mark, p.lnum, p.col - 1, {})
+end
+
+--- @return string
+function Pos:char()
+  local line = line_text(self.bufnr, self.lnum)
+  if line == nil then return '' end
+  return line:sub(self.col, self.col)
+end
+
+function Pos:line() return line_text(self.bufnr, self.lnum) end
+
+--- @param dir? -1|1
+--- @param must? boolean
+--- @return u.Pos|nil
+function Pos:next(dir, must)
+  if must == nil then must = false end
+
+  if dir == nil or dir == 1 then
+    -- Next:
+    local num_lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_line_count(self.bufnr)
+    local last_line = line_text(self.bufnr, num_lines)
+    if self.lnum == num_lines and self.col == #last_line then
+      if must then error 'error in Pos:next(): Pos:next() returned nil' end
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    local col = self.col + 1
+    local line = self.lnum
+    local line_max_col = #line_text(self.bufnr, self.lnum)
+    if col > line_max_col then
+      col = 1
+      line = line + 1
+    end
+    return Pos.new(self.bufnr, line, col, self.off)
+  else
+    -- Previous:
+    if self.col == 1 and self.lnum == 1 then
+      if must then error 'error in Pos:next(): Pos:next() returned nil' end
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    local col = self.col - 1
+    local line = self.lnum
+    local prev_line_max_col = #(line_text(self.bufnr, self.lnum - 1) or '')
+    if col < 1 then
+      col = math.max(prev_line_max_col, 1)
+      line = line - 1
+    end
+    return Pos.new(self.bufnr, line, col, self.off)
+  end
+end
+
+--- @param dir? -1|1
+function Pos:must_next(dir)
+  local next = self:next(dir, true)
+  if next == nil then error 'unreachable' end
+  return next
+end
+
+--- @param dir -1|1
+--- @param predicate fun(p: u.Pos): boolean
+--- @param test_current? boolean
+function Pos:next_while(dir, predicate, test_current)
+  if test_current and not predicate(self) then return end
+  local curr = self
+  while true do
+    local next = curr:next(dir)
+    if next == nil or not predicate(next) then break end
+    curr = next
+  end
+  return curr
+end
+
+--- @param dir -1|1
+--- @param predicate string|fun(p: u.Pos): boolean
+function Pos:find_next(dir, predicate)
+  if type(predicate) == 'string' then
+    local s = predicate
+    predicate = function(p) return s == p:char() end
+  end
+
+  --- @type u.Pos|nil
+  local curr = self
+  while curr ~= nil do
+    if predicate(curr) then return curr end
+    curr = curr:next(dir)
+  end
+  return curr
+end
+
+--- Finds the matching bracket/paren for the current position.
+--- @param max_chars? number|nil
+--- @param invocations? u.Pos[]
+--- @return u.Pos|nil
+function Pos:find_match(max_chars, invocations)
+  if invocations == nil then invocations = {} end
+  if vim.tbl_contains(invocations, function(p) return self == p end, { predicate = true }) then
+    return nil
+  end
+  table.insert(invocations, self)
+
+  local openers = { '{', '[', '(', '<' }
+  local closers = { '}', ']', ')', '>' }
+  local c = self:char()
+  local is_opener = vim.tbl_contains(openers, c)
+  local is_closer = vim.tbl_contains(closers, c)
+  if not is_opener and not is_closer then return nil end
+
+  local i, _ = vim
+    .iter(is_opener and openers or closers)
+    :enumerate()
+    :find(function(_, c2) return c == c2 end)
+  -- Store the character we will be looking for:
+  local c_match = (is_opener and closers or openers)[i]
+
+  --- @type u.Pos|nil
+  local cur = self
+  --- `adv` is a helper that moves the current position backward or forward,
+  --- depending on whether we are looking for an opener or a closer. It returns
+  --- nil if 1) the watch-dog `max_chars` falls bellow 0, or 2) if we have gone
+  --- beyond the beginning/end of the file.
+  --- @return u.Pos|nil
+  local function adv()
+    if cur == nil then return nil end
+
+    if max_chars ~= nil then
+      max_chars = max_chars - 1
+      if max_chars < 0 then return nil end
+    end
+
+    return cur:next(is_opener and 1 or -1)
+  end
+
+  -- scan until we find `c_match`:
+  cur = adv()
+  while cur ~= nil and cur:char() ~= c_match do
+    cur = adv()
+    if cur == nil then break end
+
+    local c2 = cur:char()
+    if c2 == c_match then break end
+
+    if vim.tbl_contains(openers, c2) or vim.tbl_contains(closers, c2) then
+      cur = cur:find_match(max_chars, invocations)
+      cur = adv() -- move past the match
+    end
+  end
+
+  return cur
+end
+
+--- @param lines string|string[]
+function Pos:insert_before(lines)
+  if type(lines) == 'string' then lines = vim.split(lines, '\n') end
+  vim.api.nvim_buf_set_text(
+    self.bufnr,
+    self.lnum - 1,
+    self.col - 1,
+    self.lnum - 1,
+    self.col - 1,
+    lines
+  )
+end
+
+return Pos

lua/u/range.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+local Extmark = require 'u.extmark'
+local Pos = require 'u.pos'
+
+local ESC = vim.api.nvim_replace_termcodes('<Esc>', true, false, true)
+local NS = vim.api.nvim_create_namespace 'u.range'
+
+--- @class u.Range
+--- @field start u.Pos
+--- @field stop u.Pos|nil
+--- @field mode 'v'|'V'
+local Range = {}
+Range.__index = Range
+function Range.__tostring(self)
+  --- @param p u.Pos
+  local function posstr(p)
+    if p == nil then
+      return 'nil'
+    elseif p.off ~= 0 then
+      return string.format('Pos(%d:%d){off=%d}', p.lnum, p.col, p.off)
+    else
+      return string.format('Pos(%d:%d)', p.lnum, p.col)
+    end
+  end
+
+  local _1 = posstr(self.start)
+  local _2 = posstr(self.stop)
+  return string.format(
+    'Range{bufnr=%d, mode=%s, start=%s, stop=%s}',
+    self.start.bufnr,
+    self.mode,
+    _1,
+    _2
+  )
+end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Range constructors:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @param start u.Pos
+--- @param stop u.Pos|nil
+--- @param mode? 'v'|'V'
+--- @return u.Range
+function Range.new(start, stop, mode)
+  if stop ~= nil and stop < start then
+    start, stop = stop, start
+  end
+
+  local r = { start = start, stop = stop, mode = mode or 'v' }
+
+  setmetatable(r, Range)
+  return r
+end
+
+--- @param ranges (u.Range|nil)[]
+function Range.smallest(ranges)
+  --- @type u.Range[]
+  ranges = vim.iter(ranges):filter(function(r) return r ~= nil and not r:is_empty() end):totable()
+  if #ranges == 0 then return nil end
+
+  -- find smallest match
+  local smallest = ranges[1]
+  for _, r in ipairs(ranges) do
+    local start, stop = r.start, r.stop
+    if start > smallest.start and stop < smallest.stop then smallest = r end
+  end
+  return smallest
+end
+
+--- @param lpos string
+--- @param rpos string
+--- @return u.Range
+function Range.from_marks(lpos, rpos)
+  local start = Pos.from_pos(lpos)
+  local stop = Pos.from_pos(rpos)
+
+  --- @type 'v'|'V'
+  local mode
+  if stop:is_col_max() then
+    mode = 'V'
+  else
+    mode = 'v'
+  end
+
+  return Range.new(start, stop, mode)
+end
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+function Range.from_buf_text(bufnr)
+  if bufnr == nil or bufnr == 0 then bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+  local num_lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_line_count(bufnr)
+
+  local start = Pos.new(bufnr, 1, 1)
+  local stop = Pos.new(bufnr, num_lines, Pos.MAX_COL)
+  return Range.new(start, stop, 'V')
+end
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+--- @param line number 1-based line index
+function Range.from_line(bufnr, line) return Range.from_lines(bufnr, line, line) end
+
+--- @param bufnr? number
+--- @param start_line number based line index
+--- @param stop_line number based line index
+function Range.from_lines(bufnr, start_line, stop_line)
+  if bufnr == nil or bufnr == 0 then bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+  if stop_line < 0 then
+    local num_lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_line_count(bufnr)
+    stop_line = num_lines + stop_line + 1
+  end
+  return Range.new(Pos.new(bufnr, start_line, 1), Pos.new(bufnr, stop_line, Pos.MAX_COL), 'V')
+end
+
+--- @param motion string
+--- @param opts? { bufnr?: number; contains_cursor?: boolean; pos?: u.Pos, user_defined?: boolean }
+--- @return u.Range|nil
+function Range.from_motion(motion, opts)
+  -- Options handling:
+  opts = opts or {}
+  if opts.bufnr == nil or opts.bufnr == 0 then opts.bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+  if opts.contains_cursor == nil then opts.contains_cursor = false end
+  if opts.user_defined == nil then opts.user_defined = false end
+
+  -- Extract some information from the motion:
+  --- @type 'a'|'i', string
+  local scope, motion_rest = motion:sub(1, 1), motion:sub(2)
+  local is_txtobj = scope == 'a' or scope == 'i'
+  local is_quote_txtobj = is_txtobj and vim.tbl_contains({ "'", '"', '`' }, motion_rest)
+
+  -- Capture the original state of the buffer for restoration later.
+  local original_state = {
+    winview = vim.fn.winsaveview(),
+    regquote = vim.fn.getreg '"',
+    cursor = vim.fn.getpos '.',
+    pos_lbrack = vim.fn.getpos "'[",
+    pos_rbrack = vim.fn.getpos "']",
+    opfunc = vim.go.operatorfunc,
+    prev_captured_range = _G.Range__from_motion_opfunc_captured_range,
+    prev_mode = vim.fn.mode(),
+    vinf = Range.from_vtext(),
+  }
+  --- @type u.Range|nil
+  _G.Range__from_motion_opfunc_captured_range = nil
+
+  vim.api.nvim_buf_call(opts.bufnr, function()
+    if opts.pos ~= nil then opts.pos:save_to_pos '.' end
+
+    _G.Range__from_motion_opfunc = function(ty)
+      _G.Range__from_motion_opfunc_captured_range = Range.from_op_func(ty)
+    end
+    local old_eventignore = vim.o.eventignore
+    vim.o.eventignore = 'all'
+    vim.go.operatorfunc = 'v:lua.Range__from_motion_opfunc'
+    vim.cmd {
+      cmd = 'normal',
+      bang = not opts.user_defined,
+      args = { ESC .. 'g@' .. motion },
+      mods = { silent = true },
+    }
+    vim.o.eventignore = old_eventignore
+  end)
+  local captured_range = _G.Range__from_motion_opfunc_captured_range
+
+  -- Restore original state:
+  vim.fn.winrestview(original_state.winview)
+  vim.fn.setreg('"', original_state.regquote)
+  vim.fn.setpos('.', original_state.cursor)
+  vim.fn.setpos("'[", original_state.pos_lbrack)
+  vim.fn.setpos("']", original_state.pos_rbrack)
+  if original_state.prev_mode ~= 'n' then original_state.vinf:set_visual_selection() end
+  vim.go.operatorfunc = original_state.opfunc
+  _G.Range__from_motion_opfunc_captured_range = original_state.prev_captured_range
+
+  if not captured_range then return nil end
+
+  -- Fixup the bounds:
+  if
+    -- I have no idea why, but when yanking `i"`, the stop-mark is
+    -- placed on the ending quote. For other text-objects, the stop-
+    -- mark is placed before the closing character.
+    (is_quote_txtobj and scope == 'i' and captured_range.stop:char() == motion_rest)
+    -- *Sigh*, this also sometimes happens for `it` as well.
+    or (motion == 'it' and captured_range.stop:char() == '<')
+  then
+    captured_range.stop = captured_range.stop:next(-1) or captured_range.stop
+  end
+  if is_quote_txtobj and scope == 'a' then
+    captured_range.start = captured_range.start:find_next(1, motion_rest) or captured_range.start
+    captured_range.stop = captured_range.stop:find_next(-1, motion_rest) or captured_range.stop
+  end
+
+  if
+    opts.contains_cursor and not captured_range:contains(Pos.new(unpack(original_state.cursor)))
+  then
+    return nil
+  end
+
+  return captured_range
+end
+
+--- @param opts? { contains_cursor?: boolean }
+function Range.from_tsquery_caps(bufnr, query, opts)
+  opts = opts or { contains_cursor = true }
+
+  local ranges = Range.from_buf_text(bufnr):tsquery(query)
+  if not ranges then return end
+  if not opts.contains_cursor then return ranges end
+
+  local cursor = Pos.from_pos '.'
+  return vim.tbl_map(function(cap_ranges)
+    return vim
+      .iter(cap_ranges)
+      :filter(
+        --- @param r u.Range
+        function(r) return r:contains(cursor) end
+      )
+      :totable()
+  end, ranges)
+end
+
+--- Get range information from the currently selected visual text.
+--- Note: from within a command mapping or an opfunc, use other specialized
+--- utilities, such as:
+--- * Range.from_cmd_args
+--- * Range.from_op_func
+function Range.from_vtext()
+  local r = Range.from_marks('v', '.')
+  if vim.fn.mode() == 'V' then r = r:to_linewise() end
+  return r
+end
+
+--- Get range information from the current text range being operated on
+--- as defined by an operator-pending function. Infers line-wise vs. char-wise
+--- based on the type, as given by the operator-pending function.
+--- @param type 'line'|'char'|'block'
+function Range.from_op_func(type)
+  if type == 'block' then error 'block motions not supported' end
+
+  local range = Range.from_marks("'[", "']")
+  if type == 'line' then range = range:to_linewise() end
+  return range
+end
+
+--- Get range information from command arguments.
+--- @param args unknown
+--- @return u.Range|nil
+function Range.from_cmd_args(args)
+  if args.range == 0 then return nil end
+
+  local bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
+  if args.range == 1 then
+    return Range.new(Pos.new(bufnr, args.line1, 1), Pos.new(bufnr, args.line1, Pos.MAX_COL), 'V')
+  end
+
+  local is_visual = vim.fn.histget('cmd', -1):sub(1, 5) == [['<,'>]]
+  --- @type 'v'|'V'
+  local mode = is_visual and vim.fn.visualmode() or 'V'
+
+  if is_visual then
+    return Range.new(Pos.from_pos "'<", Pos.from_pos "'>", mode)
+  else
+    return Range.new(Pos.new(bufnr, args.line1, 1), Pos.new(bufnr, args.line2, Pos.MAX_COL), mode)
+  end
+end
+
+function Range.find_nearest_brackets()
+  return Range.smallest {
+    Range.from_motion('a<', { contains_cursor = true }),
+    Range.from_motion('a[', { contains_cursor = true }),
+    Range.from_motion('a(', { contains_cursor = true }),
+    Range.from_motion('a{', { contains_cursor = true }),
+  }
+end
+
+function Range.find_nearest_quotes()
+  return Range.smallest {
+    Range.from_motion([[a']], { contains_cursor = true }),
+    Range.from_motion([[a"]], { contains_cursor = true }),
+    Range.from_motion([[a`]], { contains_cursor = true }),
+  }
+end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Structural utilities:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+function Range:clone()
+  return Range.new(self.start:clone(), self.stop ~= nil and self.stop:clone() or nil, self.mode)
+end
+
+function Range:is_empty() return self.stop == nil end
+
+function Range:to_linewise()
+  local r = self:clone()
+
+  r.mode = 'V'
+  r.start.col = 1
+  if r.stop ~= nil then r.stop.col = Pos.MAX_COL end
+
+  return r
+end
+
+function Range:to_charwise()
+  local r = self:clone()
+  r.mode = 'v'
+  if r.stop:is_col_max() then r.stop = r.stop:as_real() end
+  return r
+end
+
+--- @param x u.Pos | u.Range
+function Range:contains(x)
+  if getmetatable(x) == Pos then
+    return not self:is_empty() and x >= self.start and x <= self.stop
+  elseif getmetatable(x) == Range then
+    return self:contains(x.start) and self:contains(x.stop)
+  end
+  return false
+end
+
+--- @param other u.Range
+--- @return u.Range|nil, u.Range|nil
+function Range:difference(other)
+  local outer, inner = self, other
+  if not outer:contains(inner) then
+    outer, inner = inner, outer
+  end
+  if not outer:contains(inner) then return nil, nil end
+
+  local left
+  if outer.start ~= inner.start then
+    local stop = inner.start:clone() - 1
+    left = Range.new(outer.start, stop)
+  else
+    left = Range.new(outer.start) -- empty range
+  end
+
+  local right
+  if inner.stop ~= outer.stop then
+    local start = inner.stop:clone() + 1
+    right = Range.new(start, outer.stop)
+  else
+    right = Range.new(inner.stop) -- empty range
+  end
+
+  return left, right
+end
+
+--- @param left string
+--- @param right string
+function Range:save_to_pos(left, right)
+  self.start:save_to_pos(left);
+  (self:is_empty() and self.start or self.stop):save_to_pos(right)
+end
+
+--- @param left string
+--- @param right string
+function Range:save_to_marks(left, right)
+  self.start:save_to_mark(left);
+  (self:is_empty() and self.start or self.stop):save_to_mark(right)
+end
+
+function Range:save_to_extmark() return Extmark.from_range(self, NS) end
+
+function Range:set_visual_selection()
+  if self:is_empty() then return end
+  if vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() ~= self.start.bufnr then
+    error 'Range:set_visual_selection() called on a buffer other than the current buffer'
+  end
+
+  local curr_mode = vim.fn.mode()
+  if curr_mode ~= self.mode then vim.cmd.normal { args = { self.mode }, bang = true } end
+
+  self.start:save_to_pos '.'
+  vim.cmd.normal { args = { 'o' }, bang = true }
+  self.stop:save_to_pos '.'
+end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Text access/manipulation utilities:
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @param query string
+function Range:tsquery(query)
+  local bufnr = self.start.bufnr
+
+  local lang = vim.treesitter.language.get_lang(vim.bo[bufnr].filetype)
+  if lang == nil then return end
+  local parser = vim.treesitter.get_parser(bufnr, lang)
+  if parser == nil then return end
+  local tree = parser:parse()[1]
+  if tree == nil then return end
+
+  local root = tree:root()
+  local q = vim.treesitter.query.parse(lang, query)
+  --- @type table<string, u.Range[]>
+  local ranges = {}
+  for id, match, _meta in
+    q:iter_captures(root, bufnr, self.start.lnum - 1, (self.stop or self.start).lnum)
+  do
+    local start_row0, start_col0, stop_row0, stop_col0 = match:range()
+    local range = Range.new(
+      Pos.new(bufnr, start_row0 + 1, start_col0 + 1),
+      Pos.new(bufnr, stop_row0 + 1, stop_col0),
+      'v'
+    )
+    if range.stop.lnum > vim.api.nvim_buf_line_count(bufnr) then
+      range.stop = range.stop:must_next(-1)
+    end
+
+    local capture_name = q.captures[id]
+    if not ranges[capture_name] then ranges[capture_name] = {} end
+    if self:contains(range) then table.insert(ranges[capture_name], range) end
+  end
+
+  return ranges
+end
+
+function Range:length()
+  if self:is_empty() then return 0 end
+
+  local line_positions =
+    vim.fn.getregionpos(self.start:as_real():as_vim(), self.stop:as_real():as_vim(), { type = 'v' })
+
+  local len = 0
+  for linenr, line in ipairs(line_positions) do
+    if linenr > 1 then len = len + 1 end -- each newline is counted as a char
+    local line_start_col = line[1][3]
+    local line_stop_col = line[2][3]
+    local line_len = line_stop_col - line_start_col + 1
+    len = len + line_len
+  end
+  return len
+end
+
+function Range:line_count()
+  if self:is_empty() then return 0 end
+  return self.stop.lnum - self.start.lnum + 1
+end
+
+function Range:trim_start()
+  if self:is_empty() then return end
+
+  local r = self:clone()
+  while r.start:char():match '%s' do
+    local next = r.start:next(1)
+    if next == nil then break end
+    r.start = next
+  end
+  return r
+end
+
+function Range:trim_stop()
+  if self:is_empty() then return end
+
+  local r = self:clone()
+  while r.stop:char():match '%s' do
+    local next = r.stop:next(-1)
+    if next == nil then break end
+    r.stop = next
+  end
+  return r
+end
+
+--- @param i number 1-based
+--- @param j? number 1-based
+function Range:sub(i, j)
+  local line_positions =
+    vim.fn.getregionpos(self.start:as_real():as_vim(), self.stop:as_real():as_vim(), { type = 'v' })
+
+  --- @param idx number 1-based
+  --- @return u.Pos|nil
+  local function get_pos(idx)
+    if idx < 0 then return get_pos(self:length() + idx + 1) end
+
+    -- find the position of the first line that contains the i-th character:
+    local curr_len = 0
+    for linenr, line in ipairs(line_positions) do
+      if linenr > 1 then curr_len = curr_len + 1 end -- each newline is counted as a char
+      local line_start_col = line[1][3]
+      local line_stop_col = line[2][3]
+      local line_len = line_stop_col - line_start_col + 1
+
+      if curr_len + line_len >= idx then
+        return Pos.new(self.start.bufnr, line[1][2], line_start_col + (idx - curr_len) - 1)
+      end
+      curr_len = curr_len + line_len
+    end
+  end
+
+  local start = get_pos(i)
+  if not start then
+    -- start is inalid, so return an empty range:
+    return Range.new(self.start, nil, self.mode)
+  end
+
+  local stop
+  if j then stop = get_pos(j) end
+  if not stop then
+    -- stop is inalid, so return an empty range:
+    return Range.new(start, nil, self.mode)
+  end
+  return Range.new(start, stop, 'v')
+end
+
+--- @return string[]
+function Range:lines()
+  if self:is_empty() then return {} end
+  return vim.fn.getregion(self.start:as_vim(), self.stop:as_vim(), { type = self.mode })
+end
+
+--- @return string
+function Range:text() return vim.fn.join(self:lines(), '\n') end
+
+--- @param l number
+-- luacheck: ignore
+--- @return { line: string; idx0: { start: number; stop: number; }; lnum: number; range: fun():u.Range; text: fun():string }|nil
+function Range:line(l)
+  if l < 0 then l = self:line_count() + l + 1 end
+  if l > self:line_count() then return end
+
+  local line_indices =
+    vim.fn.getregionpos(self.start:as_vim(), self.stop:as_vim(), { type = self.mode })
+  local line_bounds = line_indices[l]
+
+  local start = Pos.new(unpack(line_bounds[1]))
+  local stop = Pos.new(unpack(line_bounds[2]))
+  return Range.new(start, stop)
+end
+
+--- @param replacement nil|string|string[]
+function Range:replace(replacement)
+  if replacement == nil then replacement = {} end
+  if type(replacement) == 'string' then replacement = vim.fn.split(replacement, '\n') end
+
+  local bufnr = self.start.bufnr
+  local replace_type = (self:is_empty() and 'insert') or (self.mode == 'v' and 'region') or 'lines'
+
+  local function update_stop_non_linewise()
+    local new_last_line_num = self.start.lnum + #replacement - 1
+    local new_last_col = #(replacement[#replacement] or '')
+    if new_last_line_num == self.start.lnum then
+      new_last_col = new_last_col + self.start.col - 1
+    end
+    self.stop = Pos.new(bufnr, new_last_line_num, new_last_col)
+  end
+  local function update_stop_linewise()
+    if #replacement == 0 then
+      self.stop = nil
+    else
+      local new_last_line_num = self.start.lnum - 1 + #replacement - 1
+      self.stop = Pos.new(bufnr, new_last_line_num + 1, Pos.MAX_COL, self.stop.off)
+    end
+    self.mode = 'v'
+  end
+
+  if replace_type == 'insert' then
+    -- To insert text at a given `(row, column)` location, use `start_row =
+    -- end_row = row` and `start_col = end_col = col`.
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_text(
+      bufnr,
+      self.start.lnum - 1,
+      self.start.col - 1,
+      self.start.lnum - 1,
+      self.start.col - 1,
+      replacement
+    )
+    update_stop_non_linewise()
+  elseif replace_type == 'region' then
+    -- Fixup the bounds:
+    local max_col = #self.stop:line()
+
+    -- Indexing is zero-based. Row indices are end-inclusive, and column indices
+    -- are end-exclusive.
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_text(
+      bufnr,
+      self.start.lnum - 1,
+      self.start.col - 1,
+      self.stop.lnum - 1,
+      math.min(self.stop.col, max_col),
+      replacement
+    )
+    update_stop_non_linewise()
+  elseif replace_type == 'lines' then
+    -- Indexing is zero-based, end-exclusive.
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(bufnr, self.start.lnum - 1, self.stop.lnum, true, replacement)
+    update_stop_linewise()
+  else
+    error 'unreachable'
+  end
+end
+
+--- @param amount number
+function Range:shrink(amount)
+  local start = self.start
+  local stop = self.stop
+  if stop == nil then return self:clone() end
+
+  for _ = 1, amount do
+    local next_start = start:next(1)
+    local next_stop = stop:next(-1)
+    if next_start == nil or next_stop == nil then return end
+    start = next_start
+    stop = next_stop
+    if next_start > next_stop then break end
+  end
+  if start > stop then stop = nil end
+  return Range.new(start, stop, self.mode)
+end
+
+--- @param amount number
+function Range:must_shrink(amount)
+  local shrunk = self:shrink(amount)
+  if shrunk == nil or shrunk:is_empty() then
+    error 'error in Range:must_shrink: Range:shrink() returned nil'
+  end
+  return shrunk
+end
+
+--- @param group string
+--- @param opts? { timeout?: number, priority?: number, on_macro?: boolean }
+function Range:highlight(group, opts)
+  if self:is_empty() then return end
+
+  opts = opts or { on_macro = false }
+  if opts.on_macro == nil then opts.on_macro = false end
+
+  local in_macro = vim.fn.reg_executing() ~= ''
+  if not opts.on_macro and in_macro then return { clear = function() end } end
+
+  local ns = vim.api.nvim_create_namespace ''
+
+  local winview = vim.fn.winsaveview()
+  vim.hl.range(
+    self.start.bufnr,
+    ns,
+    group,
+    { self.start.lnum - 1, self.start.col - 1 },
+    { self.stop.lnum - 1, self.stop.col - 1 },
+    {
+      inclusive = true,
+      priority = opts.priority,
+      timeout = opts.timeout,
+      regtype = self.mode,
+    }
+  )
+  if not in_macro then vim.fn.winrestview(winview) end
+  vim.cmd.redraw()
+
+  return {
+    ns = ns,
+    clear = function()
+      vim.api.nvim_buf_clear_namespace(self.start.bufnr, ns, self.start.lnum - 1, self.stop.lnum)
+      vim.cmd.redraw()
+    end,
+  }
+end
+
+return Range

lua/u/renderer.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,837 @@
+function _G.URendererOpFuncSwallow() end
+
+local ENABLE_LOG = false
+
+local function log(...)
+  if not ENABLE_LOG then return end
+
+  local f = assert(io.open(vim.fs.joinpath(vim.fn.stdpath 'log', 'u.renderer.log'), 'a+'))
+  f:write(os.date() .. '\t' .. vim.inspect { ... } .. '\n')
+  f:close()
+end
+
+local M = {}
+local H = {}
+
+--- @alias u.renderer.TagEventHandler fun(tag: u.renderer.Tag, mode: string, lhs: string): string
+
+--- @alias u.renderer.TagAttributes { [string]?: unknown; imap?: table<string, u.renderer.TagEventHandler>; nmap?: table<string, u.renderer.TagEventHandler>; vmap?: table<string, u.renderer.TagEventHandler>; xmap?: table<string, u.renderer.TagEventHandler>; omap?: table<string, u.renderer.TagEventHandler>, on_change?: fun(text: string): unknown }
+
+--- @class u.renderer.Tag
+--- @field kind 'tag'
+--- @field name string
+--- @field attributes u.renderer.TagAttributes
+--- @field children u.renderer.Tree
+
+--- @alias u.renderer.Node nil | boolean | string | u.renderer.Tag
+--- @alias u.renderer.Tree u.renderer.Node | u.renderer.Node[]
+
+-- luacheck: ignore
+--- @type table<string, fun(attributes: u.renderer.TagAttributes, children: u.renderer.Tree): u.renderer.Tag> & fun(name: string, attributes: u.renderer.TagAttributes, children: u.renderer.Tree): u.renderer.Tag>
+M.h = setmetatable({}, {
+  __call = function(_, name, attributes, children)
+    return {
+      kind = 'tag',
+      name = name,
+      attributes = attributes or {},
+      children = children,
+    }
+  end,
+  __index = function(_, name)
+    return function(attributes, children)
+      return M.h('text', vim.tbl_deep_extend('force', { hl = name }, attributes), children)
+    end
+  end,
+})
+
+-- Renderer {{{
+--- @class u.renderer.RendererExtmark
+--- @field id? number
+--- @field start [number, number]
+--- @field stop [number, number]
+--- @field opts vim.api.keyset.set_extmark
+--- @field tag u.renderer.Tag
+
+--- @class u.renderer.Renderer
+--- @field bufnr number
+--- @field ns number
+--- @field changedtick number
+--- @field old { lines: string[]; extmarks: u.renderer.RendererExtmark[] }
+--- @field curr { lines: string[]; extmarks: u.renderer.RendererExtmark[] }
+local Renderer = {}
+Renderer.__index = Renderer
+M.Renderer = Renderer
+
+--- @private
+--- @param x any
+--- @return boolean
+function Renderer.is_tag(x) return type(x) == 'table' and x.kind == 'tag' end
+
+--- @private
+--- @param x any
+--- @return boolean
+function Renderer.is_tag_arr(x)
+  if type(x) ~= 'table' then return false end
+  return #x == 0 or not Renderer.is_tag(x)
+end
+--- @param bufnr number|nil
+function Renderer.new(bufnr) -- {{{
+  if bufnr == nil or bufnr == 0 then bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+
+  if vim.b[bufnr]._renderer_ns == nil then
+    vim.b[bufnr]._renderer_ns = vim.api.nvim_create_namespace('my.renderer:' .. tostring(bufnr))
+  end
+
+  local self = setmetatable({
+    bufnr = bufnr,
+    ns = vim.b[bufnr]._renderer_ns,
+    changedtick = 0,
+    old = { lines = {}, extmarks = {} },
+    curr = { lines = {}, extmarks = {} },
+  }, Renderer)
+
+  vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd({ 'TextChanged', 'TextChangedI', 'TextChangedP' }, {
+    buffer = bufnr,
+    callback = function() self:_on_text_changed() end,
+  })
+
+  return self
+end -- }}}
+
+--- @param opts {
+---   tree: u.renderer.Tree;
+---   on_tag?: fun(tag: u.renderer.Tag, start0: [number, number], stop0: [number, number]): any;
+--- }
+function Renderer.markup_to_lines(opts) -- {{{
+  --- @type string[]
+  local lines = {}
+
+  local curr_line1 = 1
+  local curr_col1 = 1 -- exclusive: sits one position **beyond** the last inserted text
+  --- @param s string
+  local function put(s)
+    lines[curr_line1] = (lines[curr_line1] or '') .. s
+    curr_col1 = #lines[curr_line1] + 1
+  end
+  local function put_line()
+    table.insert(lines, '')
+    curr_line1 = curr_line1 + 1
+    curr_col1 = 1
+  end
+
+  --- @param node u.renderer.Node
+  local function visit(node) -- {{{
+    if node == nil or type(node) == 'boolean' then return end
+
+    if type(node) == 'string' then
+      local node_lines = vim.split(node, '\n')
+      for lnum, s in ipairs(node_lines) do
+        if lnum > 1 then put_line() end
+        put(s)
+      end
+    elseif Renderer.is_tag(node) then
+      local start0 = { curr_line1 - 1, curr_col1 - 1 }
+
+      -- visit the children:
+      if Renderer.is_tag_arr(node.children) then
+        for _, child in
+          ipairs(node.children --[[@as u.renderer.Node[] ]])
+        do
+          -- newlines are not controlled by array entries, do NOT output a line here:
+          visit(child)
+        end
+      else -- luacheck: ignore
+        visit(node.children)
+      end
+
+      local stop0 = { curr_line1 - 1, curr_col1 - 1 }
+      if opts.on_tag then opts.on_tag(node, start0, stop0) end
+    elseif Renderer.is_tag_arr(node) then
+      for _, child in ipairs(node) do
+        -- newlines are not controlled by array entries, do NOT output a line here:
+        visit(child)
+      end
+    end
+  end -- }}}
+  visit(opts.tree)
+
+  return lines
+end -- }}}
+
+--- @param opts {
+---   tree: u.renderer.Tree;
+---   format_tag?: fun(tag: u.renderer.Tag): string;
+--- }
+function Renderer.markup_to_string(opts) return table.concat(Renderer.markup_to_lines(opts), '\n') end
+
+--- @param bufnr number
+--- @param old_lines string[] | nil
+--- @param new_lines string[]
+function Renderer.patch_lines(bufnr, old_lines, new_lines) -- {{{
+  --
+  -- Helpers:
+  --
+
+  --- @param start integer
+  --- @param end_ integer
+  --- @param strict_indexing boolean
+  --- @param replacement string[]
+  local function _set_lines(start, end_, strict_indexing, replacement)
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(bufnr, start, end_, strict_indexing, replacement)
+  end
+
+  --- @param start_row integer
+  --- @param start_col integer
+  --- @param end_row integer
+  --- @param end_col integer
+  --- @param replacement string[]
+  local function _set_text(start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, replacement)
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_text(bufnr, start_row, start_col, end_row, end_col, replacement)
+  end
+
+  -- Morph the text to the desired state:
+  local line_changes =
+    H.levenshtein(old_lines or vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(bufnr, 0, -1, false), new_lines)
+  for _, line_change in ipairs(line_changes) do
+    local lnum0 = line_change.index - 1
+
+    if line_change.kind == 'add' then
+      _set_lines(lnum0, lnum0, true, { line_change.item })
+    elseif line_change.kind == 'change' then
+      -- Compute inter-line diff, and apply:
+      local col_changes =
+        H.levenshtein(vim.split(line_change.from, ''), vim.split(line_change.to, ''))
+
+      for _, col_change in ipairs(col_changes) do
+        local cnum0 = col_change.index - 1
+        if col_change.kind == 'add' then
+          _set_text(lnum0, cnum0, lnum0, cnum0, { col_change.item })
+        elseif col_change.kind == 'change' then
+          _set_text(lnum0, cnum0, lnum0, cnum0 + 1, { col_change.to })
+        elseif col_change.kind == 'delete' then
+          _set_text(lnum0, cnum0, lnum0, cnum0 + 1, {})
+        else -- luacheck: ignore
+          -- No change
+        end
+      end
+    elseif line_change.kind == 'delete' then
+      _set_lines(lnum0, lnum0 + 1, true, {})
+    else -- luacheck: ignore
+      -- No change
+    end
+  end
+end -- }}}
+
+--- @param tree u.renderer.Tree
+function Renderer:render(tree) -- {{{
+  local changedtick = vim.b[self.bufnr].changedtick
+  if changedtick ~= self.changedtick then
+    self.curr = { lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(self.bufnr, 0, -1, false) }
+    self.changedtick = changedtick
+  end
+
+  --- @type u.renderer.RendererExtmark[]
+  local extmarks = {}
+
+  --- @type string[]
+  local lines = Renderer.markup_to_lines {
+    tree = tree,
+
+    on_tag = function(tag, start0, stop0) -- {{{
+      if tag.name == 'text' then
+        local hl = tag.attributes.hl
+        if type(hl) == 'string' then
+          tag.attributes.extmark = tag.attributes.extmark or {}
+          tag.attributes.extmark.hl_group = tag.attributes.extmark.hl_group or hl
+        end
+
+        local extmark_opts = tag.attributes.extmark or {}
+
+        -- Set any necessary keymaps:
+        for _, mode in ipairs { 'i', 'n', 'v', 'x', 'o' } do
+          for lhs, _ in pairs(tag.attributes[mode .. 'map'] or {}) do
+            -- Force creating an extmark if there are key handlers. To accurately
+            -- sense the bounds of the text, we need an extmark:
+            vim.keymap.set(mode, lhs, function()
+              local result = self:_expr_map_callback(mode, lhs)
+              -- If the handler indicates that it wants to swallow the event,
+              -- we have to convert that intention into something compatible
+              -- with expr-mappings, which don't support '<Nop>' (they try to
+              -- execute the literal characters). We'll use the 'g@' operator
+              -- to do that, forwarding the event to an operatorfunc that does
+              -- nothing:
+              if result == '' then
+                if mode == 'i' then
+                  return ''
+                else
+                  vim.go.operatorfunc = 'v:lua.URendererOpFuncSwallow'
+                  return 'g@ '
+                end
+              end
+              return result
+            end, { buffer = self.bufnr, expr = true, replace_keycodes = true })
+          end
+        end
+
+        table.insert(extmarks, {
+          start = start0,
+          stop = stop0,
+          opts = extmark_opts,
+          tag = tag,
+        })
+      end
+    end, -- }}}
+  }
+
+  self.old = self.curr
+  self.curr = { lines = lines, extmarks = extmarks }
+  self:_reconcile()
+  vim.cmd.doautocmd { args = { 'User', 'Renderer:' .. tostring(self.bufnr) .. ':render' } }
+end -- }}}
+
+--- @private
+function Renderer:_reconcile() -- {{{
+  --
+  -- Step 1: morph the text to the desired state:
+  --
+  Renderer.patch_lines(self.bufnr, self.old.lines, self.curr.lines)
+  self.changedtick = vim.b[self.bufnr].changedtick
+
+  --
+  -- Step 2: reconcile extmarks:
+  -- You may be tempted to try to keep track of which extmarks are needed, and
+  -- only delete those that are not needed. However, each time a tree is
+  -- rendered, brand new extmarks are created. For simplicity, it is better to
+  -- just delete all extmarks, and recreate them.
+  --
+
+  -- Clear current extmarks:
+  vim.api.nvim_buf_clear_namespace(self.bufnr, self.ns, 0, -1)
+
+  -- Set current extmarks:
+  for _, extmark in ipairs(self.curr.extmarks) do
+    extmark.id = vim.api.nvim_buf_set_extmark(
+      self.bufnr,
+      self.ns,
+      extmark.start[1],
+      extmark.start[2],
+      vim.tbl_extend('force', {
+        id = extmark.id,
+        end_row = extmark.stop[1],
+        end_col = extmark.stop[2],
+        -- If we change the text starting from the beginning (where the extmark
+        -- is), we don't want the extmark to move to the right.
+        right_gravity = false,
+        -- If we change the text starting from the end (where the end extmark
+        -- is), we don't want the extmark to stay stationary: we want it to
+        -- move to the right.
+        end_right_gravity = true,
+      }, extmark.opts)
+    )
+  end
+
+  self.old = self.curr
+end -- }}}
+
+--- @private
+--- @param mode string
+--- @param lhs string
+function Renderer:_expr_map_callback(mode, lhs) -- {{{
+  -- find the tag with the smallest intersection that contains the cursor:
+  local pos0 = vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(0)
+  pos0[1] = pos0[1] - 1 -- make it actually 0-based
+  log('_expr_map_callback: pos0:', pos0)
+  local pos_infos = self:get_tags_at(pos0)
+  log('_expr_map_callback: pos_infos:', pos_infos)
+
+  if #pos_infos == 0 then return lhs end
+
+  -- Find the first tag that is listening for this event:
+  local cancel = false
+  for _, pos_info in ipairs(pos_infos) do
+    local tag = pos_info.tag
+
+    -- is the tag listening?
+    --- @type u.renderer.TagEventHandler?
+    local f = vim.tbl_get(tag.attributes, mode .. 'map', lhs)
+    if type(f) == 'function' then
+      local result = f(tag, mode, lhs)
+      if result == '' then
+        -- bubble-up to the next tag, but set cancel to true, in case there are
+        -- no more tags to bubble up to:
+        cancel = true
+      else
+        return result
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  -- Resort to default behavior:
+  return cancel and '' or lhs
+end -- }}}
+
+function Renderer:_on_text_changed() -- {{{
+  -- Reset changedtick, so that the reconciler knows to refresh its cached
+  -- buffer-content before computing the diff:
+  self.changedtick = 0
+
+  --- @type integer, integer
+  local l, c = unpack(vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(0))
+  l = l - 1 -- make it actually 0-based
+  local pos_infos = self:get_tags_at({ l, c }, 'i')
+  log('_on_text_changed', { cursor_0_0 = { l, c }, pos_infos = pos_infos })
+  for _, pos_info in ipairs(pos_infos) do
+    local extmark_inf = pos_info.extmark
+    local tag = pos_info.tag
+
+    local on_change = tag.attributes.on_change
+    if on_change and type(on_change) == 'function' then
+      local extmark =
+        vim.api.nvim_buf_get_extmark_by_id(self.bufnr, self.ns, extmark_inf.id, { details = true })
+
+      --- @type integer, integer, vim.api.keyset.extmark_details
+      local start_row0, start_col0, details = unpack(extmark)
+      local end_row0, end_col0 = details.end_row, details.end_col
+      log('_on_text_changed: fetched current extmark for pos_info', {
+        pos_info = pos_info,
+        curr_extmark = {
+          start_row0 = start_row0,
+          start_col0 = start_col0,
+          end_row0 = end_row0,
+          end_col0 = end_col0,
+          details = details,
+        },
+      })
+
+      if start_row0 == end_row0 and start_col0 == end_col0 then
+        on_change ''
+        return
+      end
+
+      local buf_max_line0 = math.max(1, vim.api.nvim_buf_line_count(self.bufnr) - 1)
+      if end_row0 > buf_max_line0 then
+        end_row0 = buf_max_line0
+        local last_line = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(self.bufnr, end_row0, end_row0 + 1, false)[1]
+          or ''
+        end_col0 = last_line:len()
+      end
+      if end_col0 == 0 then
+        end_row0 = end_row0 - 1
+        local last_line = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(self.bufnr, end_row0, end_row0 + 1, false)[1]
+          or ''
+        end_col0 = last_line:len()
+      end
+      log('_on_text_changed: after position correction', {
+        curr_extmark = {
+          start_row0 = start_row0,
+          start_col0 = start_col0,
+          end_row0 = end_row0,
+          end_col0 = end_col0,
+        },
+      })
+
+      if start_row0 == end_row0 and start_col0 == end_col0 then
+        on_change ''
+        return
+      end
+
+      local pos1 = { self.bufnr, start_row0 + 1, start_col0 + 1 }
+      local pos2 = { self.bufnr, end_row0 + 1, end_col0 }
+      local ok, lines = pcall(vim.fn.getregion, pos1, pos2, { type = 'v' })
+      if not ok then
+        log('_on_text_changed: getregion: invalid-pos ', {
+          { pos1, pos2 },
+        })
+        vim.api.nvim_echo({
+          { '(u.nvim:getregion:invalid-pos) ', 'ErrorMsg' },
+          {
+            '{ start, end } = ' .. vim.inspect({ pos1, pos2 }, { newline = ' ', indent = '' }),
+          },
+        }, true, {})
+        error(lines)
+      end
+      local text = table.concat(lines, '\n')
+      on_change(text)
+    end
+  end
+end -- }}}
+
+--- @private
+function Renderer:_debug() -- {{{
+  local prev_w = vim.api.nvim_get_current_win()
+  vim.cmd.vnew()
+  local info_bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
+  vim.bo.bufhidden = 'delete'
+  vim.bo.buflisted = false
+  vim.bo.buftype = 'nowrite'
+
+  local ids = {}
+  local function cleanup()
+    for _, id in ipairs(ids) do
+      vim.api.nvim_del_autocmd(id)
+    end
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(info_bufnr, { force = true })
+  end
+
+  local function autocmd_callback()
+    if vim.api.nvim_get_current_win() ~= prev_w then return end
+
+    local l, c = unpack(vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(0))
+    l = l - 1 -- make it actually 0-based
+
+    local info = {
+      cursor = {
+        pos = { l, c },
+        tags = self:get_tags_at { l, c },
+        extmarks = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_extmarks(
+          self.bufnr,
+          self.ns,
+          { l, c },
+          { l, c },
+          { details = true, overlap = true }
+        ),
+      },
+      computed = {
+        extmarks = self.curr.extmarks,
+      },
+    }
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(info_bufnr, 0, -1, true, vim.split(vim.inspect(info), '\n'))
+  end
+
+  table.insert(
+    ids,
+    vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd({ 'CursorMoved', 'CursorMovedI' }, {
+      callback = autocmd_callback,
+    })
+  )
+  table.insert(
+    ids,
+    vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd({ 'User' }, {
+      pattern = 'Renderer:' .. tostring(self.bufnr) .. ':render',
+      callback = autocmd_callback,
+    })
+  )
+  table.insert(
+    ids,
+    vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd('WinClosed', {
+      pattern = tostring(vim.api.nvim_get_current_win()),
+      callback = cleanup,
+    })
+  )
+  table.insert(
+    ids,
+    vim.api.nvim_create_autocmd('WinClosed', {
+      pattern = tostring(prev_w),
+      callback = cleanup,
+    })
+  )
+
+  vim.api.nvim_set_current_win(prev_w)
+end -- }}}
+
+--- Returns pairs of extmarks and tags associate with said extmarks. The
+--- returned tags/extmarks are sorted smallest (innermost) to largest
+--- (outermost).
+---
+--- @private (private for now)
+--- @param pos0 [number; number]
+--- @param mode string?
+--- @return { extmark: u.renderer.RendererExtmark; tag: u.renderer.Tag; }[]
+function Renderer:get_tags_at(pos0, mode) -- {{{
+  local cursor_line0, cursor_col0 = pos0[1], pos0[2]
+  if not mode then mode = vim.api.nvim_get_mode().mode end
+  mode = mode:sub(1, 1) -- we don't care about sub-modes
+
+  local raw_overlapping_extmarks = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_extmarks(
+    self.bufnr,
+    self.ns,
+    pos0,
+    pos0,
+    { details = true, overlap = true }
+  )
+  log(
+    'get_tags_at: context:',
+    { pos0 = pos0, mode = mode, raw_overlapping_extmarks = raw_overlapping_extmarks }
+  )
+
+  -- The cursor (block) occupies **two** extmark spaces: one for it's left
+  -- edge, and one for it's right. We need to do our own intersection test,
+  -- because the NeoVim API is over-inclusive in what it returns:
+  --- @type u.renderer.RendererExtmark[]
+  local mapped_extmarks = vim
+    .iter(raw_overlapping_extmarks)
+    --- @return u.renderer.RendererExtmark
+    :map(function(ext)
+      --- @type number, number, number, { end_row?: number; end_col?: number }|nil
+      local id, line0, col0, details = unpack(ext)
+      local start = { line0, col0 }
+      local stop = { line0, col0 }
+      if details and details.end_row ~= nil and details.end_col ~= nil then
+        stop = { details.end_row, details.end_col }
+      end
+      return { id = id, start = start, stop = stop, opts = details }
+    end)
+    :totable()
+
+  local intersecting_extmarks = vim
+    .iter(mapped_extmarks)
+    --- @param ext u.renderer.RendererExtmark
+    :filter(function(ext)
+      if ext.stop[1] ~= nil and ext.stop[2] ~= nil then
+        -- If we've "ciw" and "collapsed" an extmark onto the cursor,
+        -- the cursor pos will equal the exmark's start AND end. In this
+        -- case, we want to include the extmark.
+        if
+          cursor_line0 == ext.start[1]
+          and cursor_col0 == ext.start[2]
+          and cursor_line0 == ext.stop[1]
+          and cursor_col0 == ext.stop[2]
+        then
+          return true
+        end
+
+        return
+          -- START: line check
+          cursor_line0 >= ext.start[1]
+            -- START: column check
+            and (cursor_line0 ~= ext.start[1] or cursor_col0 >= ext.start[2])
+            -- STOP: line check
+            and cursor_line0 <= ext.stop[1]
+            -- STOP: column check
+            and (
+              cursor_line0 ~= ext.stop[1]
+              or (
+                mode == 'i'
+                  -- In insert mode, the cursor is "thin", so <= to compensate:
+                  and cursor_col0 <= ext.stop[2]
+                -- In normal mode, the cursor is "wide", so < to compensate:
+                or cursor_col0 < ext.stop[2]
+              )
+            )
+      else
+        return true
+      end
+    end)
+    :totable()
+
+  -- Sort the tags into smallest (inner) to largest (outer):
+  table.sort(
+    intersecting_extmarks,
+    --- @param x1 u.renderer.RendererExtmark
+    --- @param x2 u.renderer.RendererExtmark
+    function(x1, x2)
+      if
+        x1.start[1] == x2.start[1]
+        and x1.start[2] == x2.start[2]
+        and x1.stop[1] == x2.stop[1]
+        and x1.stop[2] == x2.stop[2]
+      then
+        return x1.id < x2.id
+      end
+
+      return x1.start[1] >= x2.start[1]
+        and x1.start[2] >= x2.start[2]
+        and x1.stop[1] <= x2.stop[1]
+        and x1.stop[2] <= x2.stop[2]
+    end
+  )
+
+  -- When we set the extmarks in the step above, we captured the IDs of the
+  -- created extmarks in self.curr.extmarks, which also has which tag each
+  -- extmark is associated with. Cross-reference with that list to get a list
+  -- of tags that we need to fire events for:
+  --- @type { extmark: u.renderer.RendererExtmark; tag: u.renderer.Tag }[]
+  local matching_tags = vim
+    .iter(intersecting_extmarks)
+    --- @param ext u.renderer.RendererExtmark
+    :map(function(ext)
+      for _, extmark_cache in ipairs(self.curr.extmarks) do
+        if extmark_cache.id == ext.id then return { extmark = ext, tag = extmark_cache.tag } end
+      end
+    end)
+    :totable()
+
+  return matching_tags
+end -- }}}
+
+--- @private
+--- @param tag_or_id string | u.renderer.Tag
+--- @return { start: [number, number]; stop: [number, number] } | nil
+function Renderer:get_tag_bounds(tag_or_id) -- {{{
+  for _, x in ipairs(self.curr.extmarks) do
+    local pos = { start = x.start, stop = x.stop }
+    local does_tag_match = type(tag_or_id) == 'string' and x.tag.attributes.id == tag_or_id
+      or x.tag == tag_or_id
+    if does_tag_match then return pos end
+  end
+end -- }}}
+
+-- }}}
+
+-- TreeBuilder {{{
+--- @class u.renderer.TreeBuilder
+--- @field private nodes u.renderer.Node[]
+local TreeBuilder = {}
+TreeBuilder.__index = TreeBuilder
+M.TreeBuilder = TreeBuilder
+
+function TreeBuilder.new()
+  local self = setmetatable({ nodes = {} }, TreeBuilder)
+  return self
+end
+
+--- @param nodes u.renderer.Tree
+--- @return u.renderer.TreeBuilder
+function TreeBuilder:put(nodes)
+  table.insert(self.nodes, nodes)
+  return self
+end
+
+--- @param name string
+--- @param attributes? table<string, any>
+--- @param children? u.renderer.Node | u.renderer.Node[]
+--- @return u.renderer.TreeBuilder
+function TreeBuilder:put_h(name, attributes, children)
+  local tag = M.h(name, attributes, children)
+  table.insert(self.nodes, tag)
+  return self
+end
+
+--- @param fn fun(tb: u.renderer.TreeBuilder): any
+--- @return u.renderer.TreeBuilder
+function TreeBuilder:nest(fn)
+  local nested_writer = TreeBuilder.new()
+  fn(nested_writer)
+  table.insert(self.nodes, nested_writer.nodes)
+  return self
+end
+
+--- @generic T
+--- @param arr T[]
+--- @param f fun(tb: u.renderer.TreeBuilder, item: T, idx: number): any
+function TreeBuilder:ipairs(arr, f)
+  return self:nest(function(tb)
+    for idx, item in ipairs(arr) do
+      f(tb, item, idx)
+    end
+  end)
+end
+
+--- @param tab table
+--- @param f fun(tb: u.renderer.TreeBuilder, key: any, value: any): any
+function TreeBuilder:pairs(tab, f)
+  return self:nest(function(tb)
+    for k, v in pairs(tab) do
+      f(tb, k, v)
+    end
+  end)
+end
+
+--- @return u.renderer.Tree
+function TreeBuilder:tree() return self.nodes end
+-- }}}
+
+-- Levenshtein utility {{{
+-- luacheck: ignore
+--- @alias u.renderer.LevenshteinChange<T> ({ kind: 'add'; item: T; index: number; } | { kind: 'delete'; item: T; index: number; } | { kind: 'change'; from: T; to: T; index: number; })
+--- @private
+--- @generic T
+--- @param x `T`[]
+--- @param y T[]
+--- @param cost? { of_delete?: fun(x: T): number; of_add?: fun(x: T): number; of_change?: fun(x: T, y: T): number; }
+--- @return u.renderer.LevenshteinChange<T>[] The changes, from last (greatest index) to first (smallest index).
+function H.levenshtein(x, y, cost)
+  -- At the moment, this whole `cost` plumbing is not used. Deletes have the
+  -- same cost as Adds or Changes. I can imagine a future, however, where
+  -- fudging with the costs of operations produces a more optimized change-set
+  -- that is tailored to working better with how NeoVim manipulates text. I've
+  -- done no further investigation in this area, however, so it's impossible to
+  -- tell if such tuning would produce real benefit. For now, I'm leaving this
+  -- in here even though it's not actively used. Hopefully having this
+  -- callback-based plumbing does not cause too much of a performance hit to
+  -- the renderer.
+  cost = cost or {}
+  local cost_of_delete_f = cost.of_delete or function() return 1 end
+  local cost_of_add_f = cost.of_add or function() return 1 end
+  local cost_of_change_f = cost.of_change or function() return 1 end
+
+  local m, n = #x, #y
+  -- Initialize the distance matrix
+  local dp = {}
+  for i = 0, m do
+    dp[i] = {}
+    for j = 0, n do
+      dp[i][j] = 0
+    end
+  end
+
+  -- Fill the base cases
+  for i = 0, m do
+    dp[i][0] = i
+  end
+  for j = 0, n do
+    dp[0][j] = j
+  end
+
+  -- Compute the Levenshtein distance dynamically
+  for i = 1, m do
+    for j = 1, n do
+      if x[i] == y[j] then
+        dp[i][j] = dp[i - 1][j - 1] -- no cost if items are the same
+      else
+        local cost_delete = dp[i - 1][j] + cost_of_delete_f(x[i])
+        local cost_add = dp[i][j - 1] + cost_of_add_f(y[j])
+        local cost_change = dp[i - 1][j - 1] + cost_of_change_f(x[i], y[j])
+        dp[i][j] = math.min(cost_delete, cost_add, cost_change)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  -- Backtrack to find the changes
+  local i = m
+  local j = n
+  --- @type u.renderer.LevenshteinChange[]
+  local changes = {}
+
+  while i > 0 or j > 0 do
+    local default_cost = dp[i][j]
+    local cost_of_change = (i > 0 and j > 0) and dp[i - 1][j - 1] or default_cost
+    local cost_of_add = j > 0 and dp[i][j - 1] or default_cost
+    local cost_of_delete = i > 0 and dp[i - 1][j] or default_cost
+
+    --- @param u number
+    --- @param v number
+    --- @param w number
+    local function is_first_min(u, v, w) return u <= v and u <= w end
+
+    if is_first_min(cost_of_change, cost_of_add, cost_of_delete) then
+      -- potential change
+      if x[i] ~= y[j] then
+        --- @type u.renderer.LevenshteinChange
+        local change = { kind = 'change', from = x[i], index = i, to = y[j] }
+        table.insert(changes, change)
+      end
+      i = i - 1
+      j = j - 1
+    elseif is_first_min(cost_of_add, cost_of_change, cost_of_delete) then
+      -- addition
+      --- @type u.renderer.LevenshteinChange
+      local change = { kind = 'add', item = y[j], index = i + 1 }
+      table.insert(changes, change)
+      j = j - 1
+    elseif is_first_min(cost_of_delete, cost_of_change, cost_of_add) then
+      -- deletion
+      --- @type u.renderer.LevenshteinChange
+      local change = { kind = 'delete', item = x[i], index = i }
+      table.insert(changes, change)
+      i = i - 1
+    else
+      error 'unreachable'
+    end
+  end
+
+  return changes
+end
+-- }}}
+
+return M

lua/u/repeat.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+local M = {}
+
+local IS_REPEATING = false
+--- @type function
+local REPEAT_ACTION = nil
+
+local function is_repeatable_last_mutator() return vim.b.changedtick <= (vim.b.my_changedtick or 0) end
+
+--- @param f fun()
+function M.run_repeatable(f)
+  REPEAT_ACTION = f
+  REPEAT_ACTION()
+  vim.b.my_changedtick = vim.b.changedtick
+end
+
+function M.is_repeating() return IS_REPEATING end
+
+function M.setup()
+  vim.keymap.set('n', '.', function()
+    IS_REPEATING = true
+    for _ = 1, vim.v.count1 do
+      if is_repeatable_last_mutator() and type(REPEAT_ACTION) == 'function' then
+        M.run_repeatable(REPEAT_ACTION)
+      else
+        vim.cmd { cmd = 'normal', args = { '.' }, bang = true }
+      end
+    end
+    IS_REPEATING = false
+  end)
+  vim.keymap.set('n', 'u', function()
+    local was_repeatable_last_mutator = is_repeatable_last_mutator()
+    for _ = 1, vim.v.count1 do
+      vim.cmd { cmd = 'normal', args = { 'u' }, bang = true }
+    end
+    if was_repeatable_last_mutator then vim.b.my_changedtick = vim.b.changedtick end
+  end)
+end
+
+return M

lua/u/tracker.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+local M = {}
+
+M.debug = false
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- class Signal
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @class u.Signal<T>
+--- @field name? string
+--- @field private changing boolean
+--- @field private value T
+--- @field private subscribers table<function, boolean>
+--- @field private on_dispose_callbacks function[]
+local Signal = {}
+M.Signal = Signal
+Signal.__index = Signal
+
+--- @param value `T`
+--- @param name? string
+--- @return u.Signal<T>
+function Signal:new(value, name)
+  local obj = setmetatable({
+    name = name,
+    changing = false,
+    value = value,
+    subscribers = {},
+    on_dispose_callbacks = {},
+  }, self)
+  return obj
+end
+
+--- @param value T
+function Signal:set(value)
+  self.value = value
+
+  -- We don't handle cyclic updates:
+  if self.changing then
+    if M.debug then
+      vim.notify(
+        'circular dependency detected' .. (self.name and (' in ' .. self.name) or ''),
+        vim.log.levels.WARN
+      )
+    end
+    return
+  end
+
+  local prev_changing = self.changing
+  self.changing = true
+  local ok = true
+  local err = nil
+  for _, cb in ipairs(self.subscribers) do
+    local ok2, err2 = pcall(cb, value)
+    if not ok2 then
+      ok = false
+      err = err or err2
+    end
+  end
+  self.changing = prev_changing
+
+  if not ok then
+    vim.notify(
+      'error notifying' .. (self.name and (' in ' .. self.name) or '') .. ': ' .. tostring(err),
+      vim.log.levels.WARN
+    )
+    error(err)
+  end
+end
+
+--- @param value T
+function Signal:schedule_set(value)
+  vim.schedule(function() self:set(value) end)
+end
+
+--- @return T
+function Signal:get()
+  local ctx = M.ExecutionContext.current()
+  if ctx then ctx:track(self) end
+  return self.value
+end
+
+--- @param fn function
+function Signal:update(fn) self:set(fn(self.value)) end
+
+--- @param fn function
+function Signal:schedule_update(fn) self:schedule_set(fn(self.value)) end
+
+--- @generic U
+--- @param fn fun(value: T): `U`
+--- @return u.Signal<U>
+function Signal:map(fn)
+  local mapped_signal = M.create_memo(function()
+    local value = self:get()
+    return fn(value)
+  end, self.name and self.name .. ':mapped' or nil)
+  return mapped_signal
+end
+
+--- @return u.Signal<T>
+function Signal:clone()
+  return self:map(function(x) return x end)
+end
+
+--- @param fn fun(value: T): boolean
+--- @return u.Signal<T>
+function Signal:filter(fn)
+  local filtered_signal = M.create_signal(nil, self.name and self.name .. ':filtered' or nil)
+  local unsubscribe_from_self = self:subscribe(function(value)
+    if fn(value) then filtered_signal:set(value) end
+  end)
+  filtered_signal:on_dispose(unsubscribe_from_self)
+  return filtered_signal
+end
+
+--- @param ms number
+--- @return u.Signal<T>
+function Signal:debounce(ms)
+  local function set_timeout(timeout, callback)
+    local timer = assert((vim.uv or vim.loop).new_timer(), 'could not create new timer')
+    timer:start(timeout, 0, function()
+      timer:stop()
+      timer:close()
+      callback()
+    end)
+    return timer
+  end
+
+  local filtered = M.create_signal(self.value, self.name and self.name .. ':debounced' or nil)
+
+  --- @diagnostic disable-next-line: undefined-doc-name
+  --- @type { queued: { value: T, ts: number }[], timer?: uv.uv_timer_t }
+  local state = { queued = {}, timer = nil }
+  local function clear_timeout()
+    if state.timer == nil then return end
+    pcall(function()
+      --- @diagnostic disable-next-line: undefined-field
+      state.timer:stop()
+      --- @diagnostic disable-next-line: undefined-field
+      state.timer:close()
+    end)
+    state.timer = nil
+  end
+
+  local unsubscribe_from_self = self:subscribe(function(value)
+    -- Stop any previously running timer:
+    if state.timer then clear_timeout() end
+    local now_ms = (vim.uv or vim.loop).hrtime() / 1e6
+
+    -- If there is anything older than `ms` in our queue, emit it:
+    local older_than_ms = vim
+      .iter(state.queued)
+      :filter(function(item) return now_ms - item.ts > ms end)
+      :totable()
+    local last_older_than_ms = older_than_ms[#older_than_ms]
+    if last_older_than_ms then
+      filtered:set(last_older_than_ms.value)
+      state.queued = {}
+    end
+
+    -- overwrite anything young enough
+    table.insert(state.queued, { value = value, ts = now_ms })
+    state.timer = set_timeout(ms, function()
+      vim.schedule(function() filtered:set(value) end)
+      -- If a timer was allowed to run to completion, that means that no other
+      -- item has been queued, since the timer is reset every time a new item
+      -- comes in. This means we can reset the queue
+      clear_timeout()
+      state.queued = {}
+    end)
+  end)
+  filtered:on_dispose(unsubscribe_from_self)
+
+  return filtered
+end
+
+--- @param callback function
+function Signal:subscribe(callback)
+  table.insert(self.subscribers, callback)
+  return function() self:unsubscribe(callback) end
+end
+
+--- @param callback function
+function Signal:on_dispose(callback) table.insert(self.on_dispose_callbacks, callback) end
+
+--- @param callback function
+function Signal:unsubscribe(callback)
+  for i, cb in ipairs(self.subscribers) do
+    if cb == callback then
+      table.remove(self.subscribers, i)
+      break
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+function Signal:dispose()
+  self.subscribers = {}
+  for _, callback in ipairs(self.on_dispose_callbacks) do
+    callback()
+  end
+end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- class ExecutionContext
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @type u.ExecutionContext|nil
+local CURRENT_CONTEXT = nil
+
+--- @class u.ExecutionContext
+--- @field signals table<u.Signal, boolean>
+local ExecutionContext = {}
+M.ExecutionContext = ExecutionContext
+ExecutionContext.__index = ExecutionContext
+
+--- @return u.ExecutionContext
+function ExecutionContext.new()
+  return setmetatable({
+    signals = {},
+    subscribers = {},
+  }, ExecutionContext)
+end
+
+function ExecutionContext.current() return CURRENT_CONTEXT end
+
+--- @param fn function
+--- @param ctx u.ExecutionContext
+function ExecutionContext.run(fn, ctx)
+  local oldCtx = CURRENT_CONTEXT
+  CURRENT_CONTEXT = ctx
+  local result
+  local success, err = pcall(function() result = fn() end)
+
+  CURRENT_CONTEXT = oldCtx
+
+  if not success then error(err) end
+
+  return result
+end
+
+function ExecutionContext:track(signal) self.signals[signal] = true end
+
+--- @param callback function
+function ExecutionContext:subscribe(callback)
+  local wrapped_callback = function() callback() end
+  for signal in pairs(self.signals) do
+    signal:subscribe(wrapped_callback)
+  end
+
+  return function()
+    for signal in pairs(self.signals) do
+      signal:unsubscribe(wrapped_callback)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+function ExecutionContext:dispose()
+  for signal, _ in pairs(self.signals) do
+    signal:dispose()
+  end
+  self.signals = {}
+end
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- Helpers
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+--- @generic T
+--- @param value `T`
+--- @param name? string
+--- @return u.Signal<T>
+function M.create_signal(value, name) return Signal:new(value, name) end
+
+--- @generic T
+--- @param fn fun(): `T`
+--- @param name? string
+--- @return u.Signal
+function M.create_memo(fn, name)
+  --- @type u.Signal<T> | nil
+  local result
+  local unsubscribe = M.create_effect(function()
+    local value = fn()
+    if name and M.debug then vim.notify(name) end
+    if result then
+      result:set(value)
+    else
+      result = M.create_signal(value, name and ('m.s:' .. name) or nil)
+    end
+  end, name)
+  assert(result):on_dispose(unsubscribe)
+  return assert(result)
+end
+
+--- @param fn function
+--- @param name? string
+function M.create_effect(fn, name)
+  local ctx = M.ExecutionContext.new()
+  M.ExecutionContext.run(fn, ctx)
+  return ctx:subscribe(function()
+    if name and M.debug then
+      local deps = vim
+        .iter(vim.tbl_keys(ctx.signals))
+        :map(function(s) return s.name end)
+        :filter(function(nm) return nm ~= nil end)
+        :join ','
+      vim.notify(name .. '(deps=' .. deps .. ')')
+    end
+    fn()
+  end)
+end
+
+return M

lua/u/txtobj.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+
+local M = {}
+
+local ESC = vim.api.nvim_replace_termcodes('<Esc>', true, false, true)
+
+--- @param key_seq string
+--- @param fn fun(key_seq: string):u.Range|nil
+--- @param opts? { buffer: number|nil }
+function M.define(key_seq, fn, opts)
+  if opts ~= nil and opts.buffer == 0 then opts.buffer = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf() end
+
+  local function handle_visual()
+    local range = fn(key_seq)
+    if range == nil or range:is_empty() then
+      vim.cmd.normal(ESC)
+      return
+    end
+    range:set_visual_selection()
+  end
+  vim.keymap.set({ 'x' }, key_seq, handle_visual, opts and { buffer = opts.buffer } or nil)
+
+  local function handle_normal()
+    local range = fn(key_seq)
+    if range == nil then return end
+
+    if not range:is_empty() then
+      range:set_visual_selection()
+    else
+      local original_eventignore = vim.go.eventignore
+      vim.go.eventignore = 'all'
+
+      -- insert a single space, so we can select it:
+      local p = range.start
+      p:insert_before ' '
+      vim.go.eventignore = original_eventignore
+
+      -- select the space:
+      Range.new(p, p, 'v'):set_visual_selection()
+    end
+  end
+  vim.keymap.set({ 'o' }, key_seq, handle_normal, opts and { buffer = opts.buffer } or nil)
+end
+
+return M

lua/u/utils.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+local M = {}
+
+--
+-- Types
+--
+
+--- @class u.utils.QfItem
+--- @field col number
+--- @field filename string
+--- @field kind string
+--- @field lnum number
+--- @field text string
+
+--- @class u.utils.RawCmdArgs
+--- @field args string
+--- @field bang boolean
+--- @field count number
+--- @field fargs string[]
+--- @field line1 number
+--- @field line2 number
+--- @field mods string
+--- @field name string
+--- @field range 0|1|2
+--- @field reg string
+--- @field smods any
+
+--- @class u.utils.CmdArgs: u.utils.RawCmdArgs
+--- @field info u.Range|nil
+
+--- @class u.utils.UcmdArgs
+--- @field nargs? 0|1|'*'|'?'|'+'
+--- @field range? boolean|'%'|number
+--- @field count? boolean|number
+--- @field addr? string
+--- @field completion? string
+--- @field force? boolean
+--- @field preview? fun(opts: u.utils.UcmdArgs, ns: integer, buf: integer):0|1|2
+
+--
+-- Functions
+--
+
+--- Debug utility that prints a value and returns it unchanged.
+--- Useful for debugging in the middle of expressions or function chains.
+---
+--- @generic T
+--- @param x `T` The value to debug print
+--- @param message? string Optional message to print alongside the value
+--- @return T The original value, unchanged
+---
+--- @usage
+--- ```lua
+--- -- Debug a value in the middle of a chain:
+--- local result = some_function()
+---   :map(utils.dbg)  -- prints the intermediate value
+---   :filter(predicate)
+---
+--- -- Debug with a custom message:
+--- local config = utils.dbg(get_config(), "Current config:")
+---
+--- -- Debug return values:
+--- return utils.dbg(calculate_result(), "Final result")
+--- ```
+function M.dbg(x, message)
+  local t = {}
+  if message ~= nil then table.insert(t, message) end
+  table.insert(t, x)
+  vim.print(t)
+  return x
+end
+
+--- Creates a user command with enhanced argument processing.
+--- Automatically computes range information and attaches it as `args.info`.
+---
+--- @param name string The command name (without the leading colon)
+--- @param cmd string | fun(args: u.utils.CmdArgs): any Command implementation
+--- @param opts? u.utils.UcmdArgs Command options (nargs, range, etc.)
+---
+--- @usage
+--- ```lua
+--- -- Create a command that works with visual selections:
+--- utils.ucmd('MyCmd', function(args)
+---   -- Print the visually selected text:
+---   vim.print(args.info:text())
+---   -- Or get the selection as an array of lines:
+---   vim.print(args.info:lines())
+--- end, { nargs = '*', range = true })
+---
+--- -- Create a command that processes the current line:
+--- utils.ucmd('ProcessLine', function(args)
+---   local line_text = args.info:text()
+---   -- Process the line...
+--- end, { range = '%' })
+---
+--- -- Create a command with arguments:
+--- utils.ucmd('SearchReplace', function(args)
+---   local pattern, replacement = args.fargs[1], args.fargs[2]
+---   local text = args.info:text()
+---   -- Perform search and replace...
+--- end, { nargs = 2, range = true })
+--- ```
+-- luacheck: ignore
+function M.ucmd(name, cmd, opts)
+  local Range = require 'u.range'
+
+  opts = opts or {}
+  local cmd2 = cmd
+  if type(cmd) == 'function' then
+    cmd2 = function(args)
+      args.info = Range.from_cmd_args(args)
+      return cmd(args)
+    end
+  end
+  vim.api.nvim_create_user_command(name, cmd2, opts or {} --[[@as any]])
+end
+
+--- Creates command arguments for delegating from one command to another.
+--- Preserves all relevant context (range, modifiers, bang, etc.) when
+--- implementing a derived command in terms of a base command.
+---
+--- @param current_args vim.api.keyset.create_user_command.command_args|u.utils.RawCmdArgs The arguments from the current command
+--- @return vim.api.keyset.cmd Arguments suitable for vim.cmd() calls
+---
+--- @usage
+--- ```lua
+--- -- Implement :MyEdit in terms of :edit, preserving all context:
+--- utils.ucmd('MyEdit', function(args)
+---   local delegated_args = utils.create_delegated_cmd_args(args)
+---   -- Add custom logic here...
+---   vim.cmd.edit(delegated_args)
+--- end, { nargs = '*', range = true, bang = true })
+---
+--- -- Implement :MySubstitute that delegates to :substitute:
+--- utils.ucmd('MySubstitute', function(args)
+---   -- Pre-process arguments
+---   local pattern = preprocess_pattern(args.fargs[1])
+---
+---   local delegated_args = utils.create_delegated_cmd_args(args)
+---   delegated_args.args = { pattern, args.fargs[2] }
+---
+---   vim.cmd.substitute(delegated_args)
+--- end, { nargs = 2, range = true, bang = true })
+--- ```
+function M.create_delegated_cmd_args(current_args)
+  --- @type vim.api.keyset.cmd
+  local args = {
+    range = current_args.range == 1 and { current_args.line1 }
+      or current_args.range == 2 and { current_args.line1, current_args.line2 }
+      or nil,
+    count = (current_args.count ~= -1 and current_args.range == 0) and current_args.count or nil,
+    reg = current_args.reg ~= '' and current_args.reg or nil,
+    bang = current_args.bang or nil,
+    args = #current_args.fargs > 0 and current_args.fargs or nil,
+    mods = current_args.smods,
+  }
+  return args
+end
+
+--- Gets the current editor dimensions.
+--- Useful for positioning floating windows or calculating layout sizes.
+---
+--- @return { width: number, height: number } The editor dimensions in columns and lines
+---
+--- @usage
+--- ```lua
+--- -- Center a floating window:
+--- local dims = utils.get_editor_dimensions()
+--- local win_width = 80
+--- local win_height = 20
+--- local col = math.floor((dims.width - win_width) / 2)
+--- local row = math.floor((dims.height - win_height) / 2)
+---
+--- vim.api.nvim_open_win(bufnr, true, {
+---   relative = 'editor',
+---   width = win_width,
+---   height = win_height,
+---   col = col,
+---   row = row,
+--- })
+---
+--- -- Check if editor is wide enough for side-by-side layout:
+--- local dims = utils.get_editor_dimensions()
+--- if dims.width >= 160 then
+---   -- Use side-by-side layout
+--- else
+---   -- Use stacked layout
+--- end
+--- ```
+function M.get_editor_dimensions() return { width = vim.go.columns, height = vim.go.lines } end
+
+return M

mise.toml

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-################################################################################
-## Tool Alias
-################################################################################
-
-################################################################################
-## Tools
-################################################################################
-
-[tools]
-# nvimv needs jq:
-jq = "1.8.1"
-"asdf:mise-plugins/mise-lua" = "5.1.5"
-# Since we have busted configured to look for "nvim", have a "default" version
-# installed. In the tests, we will override with `eval $(nvimv env VERSION)`,
-# but to avoid having to litter a bunch of commands with that environment
-# initialization, this just makes things simpler:
-neovim = "0.12.1"
-"http:nvimv" = { version = "latest", url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jrop/nvimv/refs/heads/main/nvimv" }
-stylua = "2.3.1"
-cargo-binstall = "1.18.1"
-"cargo:emmylua_ls" = { version = "0.20.0", depends=["cargo-binstall"] }
-"cargo:emmylua_check" = { version = "0.20.0", depends=["cargo-binstall"] }
-
-################################################################################
-# Env
-################################################################################
-
-[env]
-ASDF_LUA_LUAROCKS_VERSION = "3.12.2"
-_.source = { path = "./scripts/env.sh", tools = true }
-
-################################################################################
-# Tasks
-################################################################################
-
-[tasks]
-lint = "emmylua_check --ignore '.prefix/**/*.*' ."
-fmt = "stylua ."
-"fmt:check" = "stylua --check ."
-"test:prepare" = '''
-# Install Lua test dependencies (busted, etc.):
-luarocks test --prepare
-echo
-
-# Check that the nightly version of Neovim is not more than a day old:
-if find .prefix -path '**/nightly/**/nvim' -mtime -1 2>/dev/null | grep -q .; then
-  echo "Neovim Nightly is up-to-date"
-else
-  if nvimv ls | grep nightly >/dev/null; then
-    nvimv upgrade nightly
-  else
-    nvimv install nightly
-  fi
-fi
-echo
-'''
-
-[tasks."test:version:no-prep"]
-hide = true
-usage = '''
-arg "<version>" help="The version of Neovim to test with"
-'''
-run = '''
-echo
-echo -----------------------------
-echo -----------------------------
-echo Neovim version=$usage_version
-echo -----------------------------
-echo -----------------------------
-echo
-nvimv install $usage_version
-eval $(nvimv env $usage_version)
-busted --verbose
-'''
-
-[tasks."test:version"]
-depends = ["test:prepare"]
-usage = '''
-arg "<version>" help="The version of Neovim to test with"
-'''
-run = 'mise test:version:no-prep $usage_version'
-
-[tasks."test"]
-run = 'mise test:version 0.12.1'
-
-[tasks."test:all"]
-depends = ["test:prepare"]
-run = '''
-VERSIONS="0.11.5 0.12.1 nightly"
-for v in $VERSIONS; do
-  mise test:version:no-prep $v
-done
-'''
-
-[tasks."test:coverage"]
-depends = ["test:prepare"]
-run = '''
-rm -f ./luacov.*.*
-busted --coverage --verbose
-luacov
-awk '/^Summary$/{flag=1;next} flag{print}' luacov.report.out
-'''
-
-[tasks."ci"]
-run = '''
-mise run fmt:check
-mise run lint
-mise run test:all
-'''

scripts/env.sh

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-export PREFIX="$(pwd)/.prefix"
-export VIMRUNTIME="$(nvim -u NORC --headless +'echo $VIMRUNTIME' +'quitall' 2>&1)"
-
-eval $(luarocks path)

scripts/make-artifact-tag.sh

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-#
-# After tagging a release (say, v1.2.3), use this script to publish
-# lua/u.lua in an artifact branch: artifact-v1.2.3:init.lua. To do so,
-# invoke the script from the root of the repo like so:
-#
-# ./scripts/make-artifact-tag.sh v1.2.3
-#
-# This will create a temporary orphan branch, tag it and immediately delete the
-# branch.
-#
-set -euo pipefail
-
-if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
-  echo "Usage: $0 <TAG>"
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-TAG="$1"
-if [[ "$(echo "$TAG" | awk '/^v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+$/ { print "YES" }')" != "YES" ]]; then
-  echo "Invalid tag name: expected 'vX.Y.Z'"
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-ARTIFACT_TAG="artifact-$TAG"
-EXISTING_ARTIFACT_TAG=$(git tag -l "$ARTIFACT_TAG")
-
-if [[ "$ARTIFACT_TAG" = "$EXISTING_ARTIFACT_TAG" ]]; then
-  echo "Artifact tag already exists"
-  exit 1
-fi
-
-git worktree add --orphan -b "$ARTIFACT_TAG" "$ARTIFACT_TAG"
-git cat-file -p "$TAG":lua/u.lua > "$ARTIFACT_TAG"/init.lua
-
-pushd "$ARTIFACT_TAG"
-git add --all
-git commit --message "$ARTIFACT_TAG"
-git tag "$ARTIFACT_TAG"
-popd
-
-git worktree remove -f "$ARTIFACT_TAG"
-git branch -D "$ARTIFACT_TAG"

shell.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  pkgs ?
+    import
+      # nixos-25.05 (neovim@0.11.2):
+      (fetchTarball {
+        url = "https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs/archive/1c1c9b3f5ec0421eaa0f22746295466ee6a8d48f.tar.gz";
+        sha256 = "0szvq1swpzyjmyyw929ngxy1khdnd9ba96qds2bm6l6kg4iq3cq0";
+      })
+      { },
+}:
+pkgs.mkShell {
+  packages = [
+    pkgs.git
+    pkgs.gnumake
+    pkgs.lua-language-server
+    pkgs.lua51Packages.busted
+    pkgs.lua51Packages.luacov
+    pkgs.lua51Packages.luarocks
+    pkgs.neovim
+    pkgs.stylua
+    pkgs.watchexec
+  ];
+}

spec/buffer_spec.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+local withbuf = loadfile './spec/withbuf.lua'()
+
+describe('Buffer', function()
+  it('should replace all lines', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local buf = Buffer.from_nr()
+      buf:all():replace 'bleh'
+      local actual_lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(buf.bufnr, 0, -1, false)
+      assert.are.same({ 'bleh' }, actual_lines)
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should replace all but first and last lines', function()
+    withbuf({
+      'one',
+      'two',
+      'three',
+    }, function()
+      local buf = Buffer.from_nr()
+      buf:lines(2, -2):replace 'too'
+      local actual_lines = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(buf.bufnr, 0, -1, false)
+      assert.are.same({
+        'one',
+        'too',
+        'three',
+      }, actual_lines)
+    end)
+  end)
+end)

spec/codewriter_spec.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+local CodeWriter = require 'u.codewriter'
+
+describe('CodeWriter', function()
+  it('should write with indentation', function()
+    local cw = CodeWriter.new()
+    cw:write '{'
+    cw:indent(function(cw2) cw2:write 'x: 123' end)
+    cw:write '}'
+
+    assert.are.same(cw.lines, { '{', '  x: 123', '}' })
+  end)
+
+  it('should keep relative indentation', function()
+    local cw = CodeWriter.new()
+    cw:write '{'
+    cw:indent(function(cw2)
+      cw2:write 'x: 123'
+      cw2:write '  y: 123'
+    end)
+    cw:write '}'
+
+    assert.are.same(cw.lines, {
+      '{',
+      '  x: 123',
+      '    y: 123',
+      '}',
+    })
+  end)
+end)

spec/pos_spec.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+local Pos = require 'u.pos'
+local withbuf = loadfile './spec/withbuf.lua'()
+
+describe('Pos', function()
+  it('get a char from a given position', function()
+    withbuf({ 'asdf', 'bleh', 'a', '', 'goo' }, function()
+      assert.are.same('a', Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):char())
+      assert.are.same('d', Pos.new(nil, 1, 3):char())
+      assert.are.same('f', Pos.new(nil, 1, 4):char())
+      assert.are.same('a', Pos.new(nil, 3, 1):char())
+      assert.are.same('', Pos.new(nil, 4, 1):char())
+      assert.are.same('o', Pos.new(nil, 5, 3):char())
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('comparison operators', function()
+    local a = Pos.new(0, 0, 0, 0)
+    local b = Pos.new(0, 1, 0, 0)
+    assert.are.same(a == a, true)
+    assert.are.same(a < b, true)
+  end)
+
+  it('get the next position', function()
+    withbuf({ 'asdf', 'bleh', 'a', '', 'goo' }, function()
+      -- line 1: a => s
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 2), Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):next())
+      -- line 1: d => f
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), Pos.new(nil, 1, 3):next())
+      -- line 1 => 2
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 2, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4):next())
+      -- line 3 => 4
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 4, 1), Pos.new(nil, 3, 1):next())
+      -- line 4 => 5
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 5, 1), Pos.new(nil, 4, 1):next())
+      -- end returns nil
+      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 5, 3):next())
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('get the previous position', function()
+    withbuf({ 'asdf', 'bleh', 'a', '', 'goo' }, function()
+      -- line 1: s => a
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 2):next(-1))
+      -- line 1: f => d
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 3), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4):next(-1))
+      -- line 2 => 1
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), Pos.new(nil, 2, 1):next(-1))
+      -- line 4 => 3
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 3, 1), Pos.new(nil, 4, 1):next(-1))
+      -- line 5 => 4
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 4, 1), Pos.new(nil, 5, 1):next(-1))
+      -- beginning returns nil
+      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):next(-1))
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('find matching brackets', function()
+    withbuf({ 'asdf ({} def <[{}]>) ;lkj' }, function()
+      -- outer parens are matched:
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 20), Pos.new(nil, 1, 6):find_match())
+      -- outer parens are matched (backward):
+      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 6), Pos.new(nil, 1, 20):find_match())
+      -- no potential match returns nil
+      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):find_match())
+      -- watchdog expires before an otherwise valid match is found:
+      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 1, 6):find_match(2))
+    end)
+  end)
+end)

spec/range_spec.lua

@@ -1,88 +1,6 @@
-require 'luacov'
-
---- @diagnostic disable: need-check-nil
---- @diagnostic disable: param-type-mismatch
---- @diagnostic disable: undefined-field
---- @diagnostic disable: unnecessary-assert
-
-local Pos = require('u').Pos
-local Range = require('u').Range
-local function withbuf(lines, f)
-  vim.go.swapfile = false
-
-  vim.cmd.new()
-  vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(0, 0, -1, false, lines)
-  local ok, result = pcall(f)
-  vim.cmd.bdelete { bang = true }
-  if not ok then error(result) end
-end
-
-describe('Pos', function()
-  it('get a char from a given position', function()
-    withbuf({ 'asdf', 'bleh', 'a', '', 'goo' }, function()
-      assert.are.same('a', Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):char())
-      assert.are.same('d', Pos.new(nil, 1, 3):char())
-      assert.are.same('f', Pos.new(nil, 1, 4):char())
-      assert.are.same('a', Pos.new(nil, 3, 1):char())
-      assert.are.same('', Pos.new(nil, 4, 1):char())
-      assert.are.same('o', Pos.new(nil, 5, 3):char())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('comparison operators', function()
-    local a = Pos.new(0, 0, 0, 0)
-    local b = Pos.new(0, 1, 0, 0)
-    assert.are.same(a == a, true)
-    assert.are.same(a < b, true)
-  end)
-
-  it('get the next position', function()
-    withbuf({ 'asdf', 'bleh', 'a', '', 'goo' }, function()
-      -- line 1: a => s
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 2), Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):next())
-      -- line 1: d => f
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), Pos.new(nil, 1, 3):next())
-      -- line 1 => 2
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 2, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4):next())
-      -- line 3 => 4
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 4, 1), Pos.new(nil, 3, 1):next())
-      -- line 4 => 5
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 5, 1), Pos.new(nil, 4, 1):next())
-      -- end returns nil
-      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 5, 3):next())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('get the previous position', function()
-    withbuf({ 'asdf', 'bleh', 'a', '', 'goo' }, function()
-      -- line 1: s => a
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 2):next(-1))
-      -- line 1: f => d
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 3), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4):next(-1))
-      -- line 2 => 1
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), Pos.new(nil, 2, 1):next(-1))
-      -- line 4 => 3
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 3, 1), Pos.new(nil, 4, 1):next(-1))
-      -- line 5 => 4
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 4, 1), Pos.new(nil, 5, 1):next(-1))
-      -- beginning returns nil
-      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):next(-1))
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('find matching brackets', function()
-    withbuf({ 'asdf ({} def <[{}]>) ;lkj' }, function()
-      -- outer parens are matched:
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 20), Pos.new(nil, 1, 6):find_match())
-      -- outer parens are matched (backward):
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 6), Pos.new(nil, 1, 20):find_match())
-      -- no potential match returns nil
-      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 1, 1):find_match())
-      -- watchdog expires before an otherwise valid match is found:
-      assert.are.same(nil, Pos.new(nil, 1, 6):find_match(2))
-    end)
-  end)
-end)
+local Pos = require 'u.pos'
+local Range = require 'u.range'
+local withbuf = loadfile './spec/withbuf.lua'()
 
 describe('Range', function()
   it('get text in buffer', function()
@@ -129,7 +47,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
 
   it('get from positions: V', function()
     withbuf({ 'line one', 'and line two' }, function()
-      local range = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, vim.v.maxcol), 'V')
+      local range = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, Pos.MAX_COL), 'V')
       local lines = range:lines()
       assert.are.same({ 'line one' }, lines)
 
@@ -140,7 +58,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
 
   it('get from positions: V across multiple lines', function()
     withbuf({ 'pre line', 'the quick brown fox', 'jumps over a lazy dog', 'post line' }, function()
-      local range = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 2, 1), Pos.new(nil, 3, vim.v.maxcol), 'V')
+      local range = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 2, 1), Pos.new(nil, 3, Pos.MAX_COL), 'V')
       local lines = range:lines()
       assert.are.same({ 'the quick brown fox', 'jumps over a lazy dog' }, lines)
     end)
@@ -320,154 +238,6 @@ describe('Range', function()
     end)
   end)
 
-  it('text object: it (inside HTML tag)', function()
-    withbuf({ '<div><span>text</span></div>' }, function()
-      vim.cmd.setfiletype 'html'
-      vim.fn.setpos('.', { 0, 1, 12, 0 }) -- inside 'text'
-      local range = Range.from_motion 'it'
-      assert.is_not_nil(range)
-      assert.are.same('text', range:text())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_motion with contains_cursor returns nil when cursor outside range', function()
-    withbuf({ 'foo "quoted" bar' }, function()
-      vim.fn.setpos('.', { 0, 1, 2, 0 }) -- cursor at 'foo', not in quotes
-      local range = Range.from_motion('a"', { contains_cursor = true })
-      assert.is_nil(range)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_motion with pos option', function()
-    withbuf({ 'the quick brown fox' }, function()
-      vim.fn.setpos('.', { 0, 1, 1, 0 }) -- cursor at start
-      local pos = Pos.new(nil, 1, 5) -- position at 'quick'
-      local range = Range.from_motion('aw', { pos = pos })
-      assert.are.same('quick ', range:text())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_motion with simple motion (non-text-object)', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      vim.fn.setpos('.', { 0, 1, 1, 0 })
-      local range = Range.from_motion 'w'
-      assert.is_not_nil(range)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_motion with bufnr option', function()
-    local buf1 = vim.api.nvim_create_buf(false, true)
-    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(buf1, 0, -1, false, { 'buffer one', 'more text' })
-
-    local buf2 = vim.api.nvim_create_buf(false, true)
-    vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(buf2, 0, -1, false, { 'buffer two' })
-    vim.api.nvim_set_current_buf(buf2)
-
-    vim.fn.setpos('.', { buf1, 1, 1, 0 })
-    local range = Range.from_motion('aw', { bufnr = buf1 })
-    assert.is_not_nil(range)
-    assert.are.same(buf1, range.start.bufnr)
-
-    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(buf1, { force = true })
-    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(buf2, { force = true })
-  end)
-
-  it('from_motion does not modify the jumplist', function()
-    withbuf({
-      'line1',
-      '(hello world)',
-      'line3',
-      '{foo bar}',
-      'line5',
-    }, function()
-      -- Build up a jumplist that includes line 2:
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '5G' }, bang = true }
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '2G' }, bang = true }
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '4G' }, bang = true }
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '5G' }, bang = true }
-
-      -- Position cursor on line 2 (which is in the jumplist), inside the parens
-      vim.fn.setpos('.', { 0, 2, 3, 0 })
-
-      local jl_before = vim.fn.getjumplist()
-      local n_before = #jl_before[1]
-      local curjump_before = jl_before[2]
-
-      -- g@a( corrupts the jumplist by deduplicating the entry for line 2.
-      -- This is a query-only operation and should NOT change the jumplist:
-      Range.from_motion('a(', { contains_cursor = true })
-
-      local jl_after = vim.fn.getjumplist()
-
-      assert.are.same(
-        n_before,
-        #jl_after[1],
-        'from_motion should not add or remove jumplist entries'
-      )
-      assert.are.same(
-        curjump_before,
-        jl_after[2],
-        'from_motion should not change the curjump pointer'
-      )
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('find_nearest_brackets does not modify the jumplist', function()
-    withbuf({
-      'line1',
-      '(hello world)',
-      'line3',
-      '{foo bar}',
-      'line5',
-    }, function()
-      -- Build up a jumplist:
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '5G' }, bang = true }
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '2G' }, bang = true }
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '4G' }, bang = true }
-      vim.cmd.normal { args = { '5G' }, bang = true }
-
-      -- Move to a line near brackets
-      vim.fn.setpos('.', { 0, 2, 3, 0 })
-
-      local jl_before = vim.fn.getjumplist()
-      local n_before = #jl_before[1]
-      local curjump_before = jl_before[2]
-
-      -- This calls from_motion internally and should NOT change the jumplist:
-      Range.find_nearest_brackets()
-
-      local jl_after = vim.fn.getjumplist()
-
-      assert.are.same(
-        n_before,
-        #jl_after[1],
-        'find_nearest_brackets should not add or remove jumplist entries'
-      )
-      assert.are.same(
-        curjump_before,
-        jl_after[2],
-        'find_nearest_brackets should not change the curjump pointer'
-      )
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_motion restores visual selection when started in visual mode', function()
-    withbuf({ 'the quick brown fox' }, function()
-      -- Enter visual mode first
-      vim.fn.setpos('.', { 0, 1, 1, 0 })
-      vim.cmd.normal 'vll' -- select 'the' (3 chars)
-
-      -- Call from_motion (should save and restore visual selection)
-      local range = Range.from_motion 'aw'
-      assert.is_not_nil(range)
-
-      -- Check we're back in visual mode with selection restored
-      -- Note: The exact behavior depends on implementation
-      local mode = vim.fn.mode()
-      assert.is_true(mode == 'v' or mode == 'V' or mode == '\22')
-    end)
-  end)
-
   it('from_tsquery_caps', function()
     withbuf({
       '-- a comment',
@@ -665,7 +435,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
 
       range = Range.from_op_func 'line'
       assert.are.same(range.start, a)
-      assert.are.same(range.stop, Pos.new(nil, 2, vim.v.maxcol))
+      assert.are.same(range.stop, Pos.new(nil, 2, Pos.MAX_COL))
       assert.are.same(range.mode, 'V')
     end)
   end)
@@ -682,7 +452,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
     local args = { range = 1, line1 = 1 }
     withbuf({ 'line one', 'and line two' }, function()
       local a = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local b = Pos.new(nil, 1, vim.v.maxcol)
+      local b = Pos.new(nil, 1, Pos.MAX_COL)
 
       local range = Range.from_cmd_args(args) --[[@as u.Range]]
       assert.are.same(range.start, a)
@@ -697,7 +467,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
     withbuf({ 'line one', 'and line two' }, function()
       local range = Range.from_cmd_args(args) --[[@as u.Range]]
       assert.are.same(range.start, Pos.new(nil, 1, 1))
-      assert.are.same(range.stop, Pos.new(nil, 2, vim.v.maxcol))
+      assert.are.same(range.stop, Pos.new(nil, 2, Pos.MAX_COL))
       assert.are.same(range.mode, 'V')
       assert.are.same(range:text(), 'line one\nand line two')
     end)
@@ -707,7 +477,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
     local args = { range = 2, line1 = 1, line2 = 2 }
     withbuf({ 'line one', 'and line two' }, function()
       local a = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local b = Pos.new(nil, 2, vim.v.maxcol)
+      local b = Pos.new(nil, 2, Pos.MAX_COL)
       a:save_to_pos "'<"
       b:save_to_pos "'>"
       local range = Range.from_cmd_args(args) --[[@as u.Range]]
@@ -741,7 +511,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
       -- histget()
       local orig_histget = vim.fn.histget
       --- @diagnostic disable-next-line: duplicate-set-field
-      function vim.fn.histget() return [['<,'>]] end
+      function vim.fn.histget(x, y) return [['<,'>]] end
 
       -- Now run the test:
       local range = Range.from_cmd_args(args) --[[@as u.Range]]
@@ -803,7 +573,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
       local range = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 2), Pos.new(nil, 2, 4), 'v')
       local linewise_range = range:to_linewise()
       assert.are.same(linewise_range.start.col, 1)
-      assert.are.same(linewise_range.stop.col, vim.v.maxcol)
+      assert.are.same(linewise_range.stop.col, Pos.MAX_COL)
       assert.are.same(linewise_range.mode, 'V')
     end)
   end)
@@ -994,7 +764,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
       'the lazy dog',
     }, function()
       local b = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(b, 2, 1), Pos.new(b, 4, vim.v.maxcol), 'V')
+      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(b, 2, 1), Pos.new(b, 4, Pos.MAX_COL), 'V')
       assert.are.same({ 'fox', 'jumps', 'over' }, r:lines())
 
       r:replace { 'bleh1', 'bleh2' }
@@ -1023,7 +793,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
       'the lazy dog',
     }, function()
       local b = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(b, 2, 1), Pos.new(b, 4, vim.v.maxcol), 'V')
+      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(b, 2, 1), Pos.new(b, 4, Pos.MAX_COL), 'V')
       assert.are.same({ 'fox', 'jumps', 'over' }, r:lines())
 
       r:replace(nil)
@@ -1075,7 +845,7 @@ describe('Range', function()
       'the lazy dog',
     }, function()
       -- Construct a range over 'fox jumps'
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 2, 1), Pos.new(nil, 3, vim.v.maxcol), 'V')
+      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 2, 1), Pos.new(nil, 3, Pos.MAX_COL), 'V')
       local extrange = r:save_to_extmark()
       assert.are.same({ 'fox', 'jumps' }, extrange:range():lines())
 
@@ -1092,603 +862,34 @@ describe('Range', function()
   end)
 
   it('discerns range bounds from extmarks beyond the end of the buffer', function()
-    local function set_tmp_options(bufnr)
-      vim.bo[bufnr].bufhidden = 'delete'
-      vim.bo[bufnr].buflisted = false
-      vim.bo[bufnr].buftype = 'nowrite'
-    end
+    local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
 
     vim.cmd.vnew()
-    local left_bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-    set_tmp_options(left_bufnr)
-    local left = Range.from_buf_text(left_bufnr)
+    local left = Buffer.current()
+    left:set_tmp_options()
     vim.cmd.vnew()
-    local right_bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-    set_tmp_options(left_bufnr)
-    local right = Range.from_buf_text(right_bufnr)
+    local right = Buffer.current()
+    right:set_tmp_options()
 
-    left:replace {
+    left:all():replace {
       'one',
       'two',
       'three',
     }
-    local left_all_ext = left:save_to_extmark()
+    local left_all_ext = left:all():save_to_extmark()
 
-    right:replace {
+    right:all():replace {
       'foo',
       'bar',
     }
 
-    vim.api.nvim_set_current_buf(right_bufnr)
+    vim.api.nvim_set_current_buf(right.bufnr)
     vim.cmd [[normal! ggyG]]
-    vim.api.nvim_set_current_buf(left_bufnr)
+    vim.api.nvim_set_current_buf(left.bufnr)
     vim.cmd [[normal! ggVGp]]
 
     assert.are.same({ 'foo', 'bar' }, left_all_ext:range():lines())
-    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(left_bufnr, { force = true })
-    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(right_bufnr, { force = true })
-  end)
-end)
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--- Additional coverage tests
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-describe('Pos additional coverage', function()
-  it('__tostring', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-      local p = Pos.new(bufnr, 1, 1, 0)
-      local s = tostring(p)
-      assert.is_true(s:find 'Pos%(1:1%)' ~= nil)
-      assert.is_true(s:find('bufnr=' .. bufnr) ~= nil)
-
-      local p2 = Pos.new(bufnr, 1, 1, 5)
-      s = tostring(p2)
-      assert.is_true(s:find 'Pos%(1:1%)' ~= nil)
-      assert.is_true(s:find 'off=5' ~= nil)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_eol', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      local eol = Pos.from_eol(nil, 1)
-      assert.are.same(11, eol.col)
-      assert.are.same('hello world', eol:line())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it(':eol', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local eol = p:eol()
-      assert.are.same(11, eol.col)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('save_to_cursor', function()
-    withbuf({ 'line one', 'line two' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 2, 5)
-      p:save_to_cursor()
-      assert.are.same({ 2, 4 }, vim.api.nvim_win_get_cursor(0))
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('save_to_mark', function()
-    withbuf({ 'line one', 'line two' }, function()
-      local b = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-      local p = Pos.new(b, 2, 5)
-      p:save_to_mark 'a'
-      local mark = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_mark(b, 'a')
-      assert.are.same({ 2, 4 }, mark)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('must_next', function()
-    withbuf({ 'abc' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local next = p:must_next(1)
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 2), next)
-
-      assert.has.error(
-        function() Pos.new(nil, 1, 3):must_next(1) end,
-        'error in Pos:next(): Pos:next() returned nil'
-      )
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('next_while', function()
-    withbuf({ 'aaabbb' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local result = p:next_while(1, function(pos) return pos:char() == 'a' end)
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 3), result)
-
-      result = p:next_while(1, function(pos) return pos:char() == 'a' end, true)
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 3), result)
-
-      result = p:next_while(1, function() return false end, true)
-      assert.are.same(nil, result)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('insert_before', function()
-    withbuf({ 'world' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      p:insert_before 'hello '
-      assert.are.same({ 'hello world' }, vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(0, 0, -1, false))
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('is_invalid', function()
-    local invalid = Pos.invalid()
-    assert.is_true(invalid:is_invalid())
-
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local valid = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      assert.is_false(valid:is_invalid())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('__add with number first', function()
-    withbuf({ 'abc' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local result = 1 + p
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 2), result)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('__sub with number first', function()
-    withbuf({ 'abc' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 2)
-      local result = 1 - p
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), result)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('find_next returns nil at end', function()
-    withbuf({ 'abc' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 3)
-      local result = p:find_next(1, 'z')
-      assert.are.same(nil, result)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('find_match with nested brackets', function()
-    withbuf({ '(abc)' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1) -- '('
-      local match = p:find_match()
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), match) -- ')'
-    end)
-
-    withbuf({ '{abc}' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1) -- '{'
-      local match = p:find_match()
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), match) -- '}'
-    end)
-
-    withbuf({ '(a{b}c)' }, function()
-      -- Test nested: ( at pos 1, { at pos 3
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 3) -- '{'
-      local match = p:find_match()
-      assert.are.same(Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), match) -- '}'
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from10', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.from10(nil, 1, 0)
-      assert.are.same(1, p.lnum)
-      assert.are.same(1, p.col)
-
-      p = Pos.from10(nil, 2, 5, 10)
-      assert.are.same(2, p.lnum)
-      assert.are.same(6, p.col)
-      assert.are.same(10, p.off)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('as_real with col beyond line length', function()
-    withbuf({ 'ab' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 100)
-      local real = p:as_real()
-      assert.are.same(2, real.col)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('find_next returns nil when not found', function()
-    withbuf({ 'abc' }, function()
-      local p = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local result = p:find_next(1, 'z')
-      assert.is_nil(result)
-    end)
-  end)
-end)
-
-describe('Range additional coverage', function()
-  it('__eq', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r1 = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), 'v')
-      local r2 = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), 'v')
-      assert.is_true(r1 == r2)
-
-      local r3 = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), 'v')
-      assert.is_false(r1 == r3)
-
-      local r4 = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), 'V')
-      assert.is_false(r1 == r4)
-
-      assert.is_false(r1 == 'not a range')
-      assert.is_false(r1 == nil)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('__tostring with nil stop', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), nil, 'v')
-      local s = tostring(r)
-      assert.is_true(s:find 'stop=nil' ~= nil)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('__tostring with off != 0', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1, 5), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4, 3), 'v')
-      local s = tostring(r)
-      assert.is_true(s:find 'off=5' ~= nil)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('__tostring', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), 'v')
-      local s = tostring(r)
-      assert.are.same('v', r.mode)
-      assert.is_true(s:find 'Range{' == 1)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_lines with negative stop_line', function()
-    withbuf({ 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' }, function()
-      local r = Range.from_lines(nil, 1, -1)
-      assert.are.same(5, r.stop.lnum)
-
-      r = Range.from_lines(nil, 1, -2)
-      assert.are.same(4, r.stop.lnum)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('save_to_pos', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), 'v')
-      r:save_to_pos("'[", "']")
-      local start = Pos.from_pos "'["
-      local stop = Pos.from_pos "']"
-      assert.are.same(1, start.col)
-      assert.are.same(5, stop.col)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('save_to_marks', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      local b = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(b, 1, 1), Pos.new(b, 1, 5), 'v')
-      r:save_to_marks('m', 'n')
-      local m = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_mark(b, 'm')
-      local n = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_mark(b, 'n')
-      assert.are.same({ 1, 0 }, m)
-      assert.are.same({ 1, 4 }, n)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('new swaps start and stop when needed', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), 'v')
-      assert.are.same(1, r.start.col)
-      assert.are.same(4, r.stop.col)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('from_marks with MAX_COL', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local start = Pos.new(nil, 1, 1)
-      local stop = Pos.new(nil, 1, vim.v.maxcol)
-      start:save_to_pos "'["
-      stop:save_to_pos "']"
-      local r = Range.from_marks("'[", "']")
-      assert.are.same('V', r.mode)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('contains returns false for non-Pos/Range', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), 'v')
-      assert.is_false(r:contains 'string')
-      assert.is_false(r:contains(123))
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('sub with invalid stop', function()
-    withbuf({ 'abcdef' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 6), 'v')
-      local sub = r:sub(1, 100)
-      assert.is_true(sub:is_empty())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('line with negative index', function()
-    withbuf({ 'a', 'b', 'c' }, function()
-      local r = Range.from_lines(nil, 1, 3)
-      local l = r:line(-1)
-      assert.are.same('c', l:text())
-
-      l = r:line(-2)
-      assert.are.same('b', l:text())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('line returns nil for out of bounds', function()
-    withbuf({ 'a', 'b' }, function()
-      local r = Range.from_lines(nil, 1, 2)
-      assert.is_nil(r:line(10))
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('trim_start returns range with start=stop when all whitespace', function()
-    withbuf({ '   ' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 3), 'v')
-      local trimmed = r:trim_start()
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, trimmed)
-      assert.are.same(trimmed.start, trimmed.stop)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('trim_stop returns range with start=stop when all whitespace', function()
-    withbuf({ '   ' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 3), 'v')
-      local trimmed = r:trim_stop()
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, trimmed)
-      assert.are.same(trimmed.start, trimmed.stop)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('smallest returns nil for empty input', function()
-    assert.are.same(nil, Range.smallest {})
-    assert.are.same(nil, Range.smallest { nil })
-  end)
-end)
-
-describe('Extmark additional coverage', function()
-  it('delete', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 4), 'v')
-      local ext = r:save_to_extmark()
-      ext:delete()
-      -- Should not error
-    end)
-  end)
-end)
-
-describe('Extmark edge cases', function()
-  it('tracks multi-byte characters correctly', function()
-    withbuf({ '🚀🌟 hello 你好世界' }, function()
-      -- The string is 27 bytes: 🚀(4) + 🌟(4) + space(1) + hello(5) + space(1) + 你(3) + 好(3) + 世(3) + 界(3)
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 27), 'v')
-      local ext = r:save_to_extmark()
-      local ext_range = ext:range()
-      assert.are.same('🚀🌟 hello 你好世界', ext_range:text())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('clamps start position after buffer shrink', function()
-    withbuf({ 'line 1', 'line 2', 'line 3', '' }, function()
-      local r = Range.from_buf_text()
-      local ext = r:save_to_extmark()
-
-      -- Delete last line
-      vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(0, 3, 4, true, {})
-
-      -- Get range from extmark - should clamp to valid buffer
-      local ext_range = ext:range()
-      assert.is_true(ext_range.stop.lnum <= 3)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('handles zero-width extmark (empty range)', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), nil, 'v')
-      local ext = r:save_to_extmark()
-      local ext_range = ext:range()
-      assert.is_true(ext_range:is_empty())
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('handles extmark at buffer start', function()
-    withbuf({ 'first', 'second', 'third' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), 'v')
-      local ext = r:save_to_extmark()
-      local ext_range = ext:range()
-      assert.are.same(1, ext_range.start.lnum)
-      assert.are.same(1, ext_range.start.col)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('handles extmark at buffer end', function()
-    withbuf({ 'first', 'second', 'third' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 3, 1), Pos.new(nil, 3, 5), 'v')
-      local ext = r:save_to_extmark()
-      local ext_range = ext:range()
-      assert.are.same(3, ext_range.stop.lnum)
-      assert.are.same(5, ext_range.stop.col)
-    end)
-  end)
-end)
-
-describe('utils', function()
-  local u = require 'u'
-
-  it('create_delegated_cmd_args', function()
-    local args = {
-      range = 2,
-      line1 = 1,
-      line2 = 5,
-      count = -1,
-      reg = '',
-      bang = true,
-      fargs = { 'arg1', 'arg2' },
-      smods = { silent = true },
-    }
-    local delegated = u.create_delegated_cmd_args(args)
-    assert.are.same({ 1, 5 }, delegated.range)
-    assert.are.same(nil, delegated.count)
-    assert.are.same(nil, delegated.reg)
-    assert.are.same(true, delegated.bang)
-    assert.are.same({ 'arg1', 'arg2' }, delegated.args)
-
-    -- Test range = 1
-    args = {
-      range = 1,
-      line1 = 3,
-      line2 = 3,
-      count = -1,
-      reg = '',
-      bang = false,
-      fargs = {},
-      smods = {},
-    }
-    delegated = u.create_delegated_cmd_args(args)
-    assert.are.same({ 3 }, delegated.range)
-
-    -- Test range = 0 with count
-    args = {
-      range = 0,
-      line1 = 1,
-      line2 = 1,
-      count = 5,
-      reg = '"',
-      bang = false,
-      fargs = {},
-      smods = {},
-    }
-    delegated = u.create_delegated_cmd_args(args)
-    assert.are.same(nil, delegated.range)
-    assert.are.same(5, delegated.count)
-    assert.are.same('"', delegated.reg)
-  end)
-
-  it('ucmd with string command', function()
-    u.ucmd('TestUcmdString', 'echo "test"', {})
-    local cmds = vim.api.nvim_get_commands { builtin = false }
-    assert.is_not.same(nil, cmds.TestUcmdString)
-    vim.api.nvim_del_user_command 'TestUcmdString'
-  end)
-
-  it('ucmd with function command', function()
-    local called = false
-    u.ucmd('TestUcmdFunc', function(args)
-      called = true
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, args)
-    end, { range = true })
-
-    local cmds = vim.api.nvim_get_commands { builtin = false }
-    assert.is_not.same(nil, cmds.TestUcmdFunc)
-
-    vim.cmd.TestUcmdFunc()
-    assert.is_true(called)
-
-    vim.api.nvim_del_user_command 'TestUcmdFunc'
-  end)
-end)
-
-describe('repeat_', function()
-  local u = require 'u'
-
-  it(
-    'is_repeating returns false by default',
-    function() assert.is_false(u.repeat_.is_repeating()) end
-  )
-
-  it('run_repeatable executes the function', function()
-    local called = false
-    u.repeat_.run_repeatable(function() called = true end)
-    assert.is_true(called)
-  end)
-
-  it('setup creates keymaps', function()
-    u.repeat_.setup()
-    local maps = vim.api.nvim_get_keymap 'n'
-    local dot_map = vim.iter(maps):find(function(m) return m.lhs == '.' end)
-    local u_map = vim.iter(maps):find(function(m) return m.lhs == 'u' end)
-    assert.is_not.same(nil, dot_map)
-    assert.is_not.same(nil, u_map)
-  end)
-end)
-
-describe('define_txtobj', function()
-  local u = require 'u'
-
-  it('defines text object keymaps', function()
-    u.define_txtobj(
-      'aX',
-      function() return Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), 'v') end
-    )
-
-    local xmaps = vim.api.nvim_get_keymap 'x'
-    local omaps = vim.api.nvim_get_keymap 'o'
-
-    local xmap = vim.iter(xmaps):find(function(m) return m.lhs == 'aX' end)
-    local omap_found = vim.iter(omaps):find(function(m) return m.lhs == 'aX' end)
-
-    assert.is_not.same(nil, xmap)
-    assert.is_not.same(nil, omap_found)
-  end)
-
-  it('defines buffer-local text object keymaps', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local bufnr = vim.api.nvim_get_current_buf()
-      u.define_txtobj(
-        'aY',
-        function() return Range.new(Pos.new(bufnr, 1, 1), Pos.new(bufnr, 1, 4), 'v') end,
-        { buffer = bufnr }
-      )
-
-      local xmaps = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_keymap(bufnr, 'x')
-      local omaps = vim.api.nvim_buf_get_keymap(bufnr, 'o')
-
-      local xmap = vim.iter(xmaps):find(function(m) return m.lhs == 'aY' end)
-      local omap_found = vim.iter(omaps):find(function(m) return m.lhs == 'aY' end)
-
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, xmap)
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, omap_found)
-    end)
-  end)
-end)
-
-describe('Range highlight', function()
-  it('highlight creates highlight and returns clear function', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), 'v')
-      local hl = r:highlight('Search', { timeout = 100 })
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, hl)
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, hl.ns)
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, hl.clear)
-      hl.clear()
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('highlight returns nil for empty range', function()
-    withbuf({ 'test' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), nil, 'v')
-      local hl = r:highlight 'Search'
-      assert.is.equal(hl.ns, 0)
-    end)
-  end)
-
-  it('highlight with priority option', function()
-    withbuf({ 'hello world' }, function()
-      local r = Range.new(Pos.new(nil, 1, 1), Pos.new(nil, 1, 5), 'v')
-      local hl = r:highlight('Search', { priority = 100 })
-      assert.is_not.same(nil, hl)
-      hl.clear()
-    end)
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(left.bufnr, { force = true })
+    vim.api.nvim_buf_delete(right.bufnr, { force = true })
   end)
 end)

spec/renderer_spec.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+local R = require 'u.renderer'
+local withbuf = loadfile './spec/withbuf.lua'()
+
+local function getlines() return vim.api.nvim_buf_get_lines(0, 0, -1, true) end
+
+describe('Renderer', function()
+  it('should render text in an empty buffer', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render { 'hello', ' ', 'world' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'hello world' })
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should result in the correct text after repeated renders', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render { 'hello', ' ', 'world' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'hello world' })
+
+      r:render { 'goodbye', ' ', 'world' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'goodbye world' })
+
+      r:render { 'hello', ' ', 'universe' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'hello universe' })
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should handle tags correctly', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render {
+        R.h('text', { hl = 'HighlightGroup' }, 'hello '),
+        R.h('text', { hl = 'HighlightGroup' }, 'world'),
+      }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'hello world' })
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should reconcile added lines', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render { 'line 1', '\n', 'line 2' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'line 1', 'line 2' })
+
+      -- Add a new line:
+      r:render { 'line 1', '\n', 'line 2\n', 'line 3' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'line 1', 'line 2', 'line 3' })
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should reconcile deleted lines', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render { 'line 1', '\nline 2', '\nline 3' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'line 1', 'line 2', 'line 3' })
+
+      -- Remove a line:
+      r:render { 'line 1', '\nline 3' }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'line 1', 'line 3' })
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should handle multiple nested elements', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render {
+        R.h('text', {}, {
+          'first line',
+        }),
+        '\n',
+        R.h('text', {}, 'second line'),
+      }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'first line', 'second line' })
+
+      r:render {
+        R.h('text', {}, 'updated first line'),
+        '\n',
+        R.h('text', {}, 'third line'),
+      }
+      assert.are.same(getlines(), { 'updated first line', 'third line' })
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  --
+  -- get_tags_at
+  --
+
+  it('should return no extmarks for an empty buffer', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      local pos_infos = r:get_tags_at { 0, 0 }
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos, {})
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should return correct extmark for a given position', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render {
+        R.h('text', { hl = 'HighlightGroup1' }, 'Hello'),
+        R.h('text', { hl = 'HighlightGroup2' }, ' World'),
+      }
+
+      local pos_infos = r:get_tags_at { 0, 2 }
+      assert.are.same(#pos_infos, 1)
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].tag.attributes.hl, 'HighlightGroup1')
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].extmark.start, { 0, 0 })
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].extmark.stop, { 0, 5 })
+      pos_infos = r:get_tags_at { 0, 4 }
+      assert.are.same(#pos_infos, 1)
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].tag.attributes.hl, 'HighlightGroup1')
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].extmark.start, { 0, 0 })
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].extmark.stop, { 0, 5 })
+
+      pos_infos = r:get_tags_at { 0, 5 }
+      assert.are.same(#pos_infos, 1)
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].tag.attributes.hl, 'HighlightGroup2')
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].extmark.start, { 0, 5 })
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].extmark.stop, { 0, 11 })
+
+      -- In insert mode, bounds are eagerly included:
+      pos_infos = r:get_tags_at({ 0, 5 }, 'i')
+      assert.are.same(#pos_infos, 2)
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].tag.attributes.hl, 'HighlightGroup1')
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[2].tag.attributes.hl, 'HighlightGroup2')
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should return multiple extmarks for overlapping text', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render {
+        R.h('text', { hl = 'HighlightGroup1' }, {
+          'Hello',
+          R.h(
+            'text',
+            { hl = 'HighlightGroup2', extmark = { hl_group = 'HighlightGroup2' } },
+            ' World'
+          ),
+        }),
+      }
+
+      local pos_infos = r:get_tags_at { 0, 5 }
+
+      assert.are.same(#pos_infos, 2)
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[1].tag.attributes.hl, 'HighlightGroup2')
+      assert.are.same(pos_infos[2].tag.attributes.hl, 'HighlightGroup1')
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('repeated patch_lines calls should not change the buffer content', function()
+    local lines = {
+      [[{ {]],
+      [[    bounds = {]],
+      [[      start1 = { 1, 1 },]],
+      [[      stop1 = { 4, 1 }]],
+      [[    },]],
+      [[    end_right_gravity = true,]],
+      [[    id = 1,]],
+      [[    ns_id = 623,]],
+      [[    ns_name = "my.renderer:91",]],
+      [[    right_gravity = false]],
+      [[  } }]],
+      [[]],
+    }
+    withbuf(lines, function()
+      local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+      R.Renderer.patch_lines(0, nil, lines)
+      assert.are.same(Buffer.current():all():lines(), lines)
+
+      R.Renderer.patch_lines(0, lines, lines)
+      assert.are.same(Buffer.current():all():lines(), lines)
+
+      R.Renderer.patch_lines(0, lines, lines)
+      assert.are.same(Buffer.current():all():lines(), lines)
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should fire text-changed events', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+      local buf = Buffer.current()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      local captured_changed_text = ''
+      r:render {
+        R.h('text', {
+          on_change = function(txt) captured_changed_text = txt end,
+        }, {
+          'one\n',
+          'two\n',
+          'three\n',
+        }),
+      }
+
+      vim.fn.setreg('"', 'bleh')
+      vim.cmd [[normal! ggVGp]]
+      -- For some reason, the autocmd does not fire in the busted environment.
+      -- We'll call the handler ourselves:
+      r:_on_text_changed()
+
+      assert.are.same(buf:all():text(), 'bleh')
+      assert.are.same(captured_changed_text, 'bleh')
+
+      vim.fn.setreg('"', '')
+      vim.cmd [[normal! ggdG]]
+      -- We'll call the handler ourselves:
+      r:_on_text_changed()
+
+      assert.are.same(buf:all():text(), '')
+      assert.are.same(captured_changed_text, '')
+    end)
+
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local Buffer = require 'u.buffer'
+      local buf = Buffer.current()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      --- @type string?
+      local captured_changed_text = nil
+      r:render {
+        'prefix:',
+        R.h('text', {
+          on_change = function(txt) captured_changed_text = txt end,
+        }, {
+          'one',
+        }),
+        'suffix',
+      }
+
+      vim.fn.setreg('"', 'bleh')
+      vim.api.nvim_win_set_cursor(0, { 1, 9 })
+      vim.cmd [[normal! vhhd]]
+      -- For some reason, the autocmd does not fire in the busted environment.
+      -- We'll call the handler ourselves:
+      r:_on_text_changed()
+
+      assert.are.same(buf:all():text(), 'prefix:suffix')
+      assert.are.same(captured_changed_text, '')
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should find tags by position', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render {
+        'pre',
+        R.h('text', {
+          id = 'outer',
+        }, {
+          'inner-pre',
+          R.h('text', {
+            id = 'inner',
+          }, {
+            'inner-text',
+          }),
+          'inner-post',
+        }),
+        'post',
+      }
+
+      local tags = r:get_tags_at { 0, 11 }
+      assert.are.same(#tags, 1)
+      assert.are.same(tags[1].tag.attributes.id, 'outer')
+
+      tags = r:get_tags_at { 0, 12 }
+      assert.are.same(#tags, 2)
+      assert.are.same(tags[1].tag.attributes.id, 'inner')
+      assert.are.same(tags[2].tag.attributes.id, 'outer')
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  it('should find tags by id', function()
+    withbuf({}, function()
+      local r = R.Renderer.new(0)
+      r:render {
+        R.h('text', {
+          id = 'outer',
+        }, {
+          'inner-pre',
+          R.h('text', {
+            id = 'inner',
+          }, {
+            'inner-text',
+          }),
+          'inner-post',
+        }),
+        'post',
+      }
+
+      local bounds = r:get_tag_bounds 'outer'
+      assert.are.same(bounds, { start = { 0, 0 }, stop = { 0, 29 } })
+
+      bounds = r:get_tag_bounds 'inner'
+      assert.are.same(bounds, { start = { 0, 9 }, stop = { 0, 19 } })
+    end)
+  end)
+end)

spec/tracker_spec.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+local tracker = require 'u.tracker'
+local Signal = tracker.Signal
+local ExecutionContext = tracker.ExecutionContext
+
+describe('Signal', function()
+  local signal
+
+  before_each(function() signal = Signal:new(0, 'testSignal') end)
+
+  it('should initialize with correct parameters', function()
+    assert.is.equal(signal.value, 0)
+    assert.is.equal(signal.name, 'testSignal')
+    assert.is.not_nil(signal.subscribers)
+    assert.is.equal(#signal.subscribers, 0)
+    assert.is.equal(signal.changing, false)
+  end)
+
+  it('should set new value and notify subscribers', function()
+    local called = false
+    signal:subscribe(function(value)
+      called = true
+      assert.is.equal(value, 42)
+    end)
+
+    signal:set(42)
+    assert.is.equal(called, true)
+  end)
+
+  it('should not notify subscribers during circular dependency', function()
+    signal.changing = true
+    local notified = false
+
+    signal:subscribe(function() notified = true end)
+
+    signal:set(42)
+    assert.is.equal(notified, false) -- No notification should occur
+  end)
+
+  it('should get current value', function()
+    signal:set(100)
+    assert.is.equal(signal:get(), 100)
+  end)
+
+  it('should update value with function', function()
+    signal:set(10)
+    signal:update(function(value) return value * 2 end)
+    assert.is.equal(signal:get(), 20)
+  end)
+
+  it('should dispose subscribers', function()
+    local called = false
+    local unsubscribe = signal:subscribe(function() called = true end)
+
+    unsubscribe()
+    signal:set(10)
+    assert.is.equal(called, false) -- Should not be notified
+  end)
+
+  describe('Signal:map', function()
+    it('should transform the signal value', function()
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(5)
+      local mapped_signal = test_signal:map(function(value) return value * 2 end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(mapped_signal:get(), 10) -- Initial transformation
+      test_signal:set(10)
+      assert.is.equal(mapped_signal:get(), 20) -- Updated transformation
+    end)
+
+    it('should handle empty transformations', function()
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(nil)
+      local mapped_signal = test_signal:map(function(value) return value or 'default' end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(mapped_signal:get(), 'default') -- Return default
+      test_signal:set 'new value'
+      assert.is.equal(mapped_signal:get(), 'new value') -- Return new value
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  describe('Signal:filter', function()
+    it('should only emit values that pass the filter', function()
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(5)
+      local filtered_signal = test_signal:filter(function(value) return value > 10 end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(filtered_signal:get(), nil) -- Initial value should not pass
+      test_signal:set(15)
+      assert.is.equal(filtered_signal:get(), 15) -- Now filtered
+      test_signal:set(8)
+      assert.is.equal(filtered_signal:get(), 15) -- Does not pass the filter
+    end)
+
+    it('should handle empty initial values', function()
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(nil)
+      local filtered_signal = test_signal:filter(function(value) return value ~= nil end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(filtered_signal:get(), nil) -- Should be nil
+      test_signal:set(10)
+      assert.is.equal(filtered_signal:get(), 10) -- Should pass now
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  describe('create_memo', function()
+    it('should compute a derived value and update when dependencies change', function()
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(2)
+      local memoized_signal = tracker.create_memo(function() return test_signal:get() * 2 end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(memoized_signal:get(), 4) -- Initially compute 2 * 2
+
+      test_signal:set(3)
+      assert.is.equal(memoized_signal:get(), 6) -- Update to 3 * 2 = 6
+
+      test_signal:set(5)
+      assert.is.equal(memoized_signal:get(), 10) -- Update to 5 * 2 = 10
+    end)
+
+    it('should not recompute if the dependencies do not change', function()
+      local call_count = 0
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(10)
+      local memoized_signal = tracker.create_memo(function()
+        call_count = call_count + 1
+        return test_signal:get() + 1
+      end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(memoized_signal:get(), 11) -- Compute first value
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 1) -- Should compute once
+
+      memoized_signal:get() -- Call again, should use memoized value
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 1) -- Still should only be one call
+
+      test_signal:set(10) -- Set the same value
+      assert.is.equal(memoized_signal:get(), 11)
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 2)
+
+      test_signal:set(20)
+      assert.is.equal(memoized_signal:get(), 21)
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 3)
+    end)
+  end)
+
+  describe('create_effect', function()
+    it('should track changes and execute callback', function()
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(5)
+      local call_count = 0
+
+      tracker.create_effect(function()
+        test_signal:get() -- track as a dependency
+        call_count = call_count + 1
+      end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 1)
+      test_signal:set(10)
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 2)
+    end)
+
+    it('should clean up signals and not call after dispose', function()
+      local test_signal = Signal:new(5)
+      local call_count = 0
+
+      local unsubscribe = tracker.create_effect(function()
+        call_count = call_count + 1
+        return test_signal:get() * 2
+      end)
+
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 1) -- Initially calls
+      unsubscribe() -- Unsubscribe the effect
+      test_signal:set(10) -- Update signal value
+      assert.is.equal(call_count, 1) -- Callback should not be called again
+    end)
+  end)
+end)
+
+describe('ExecutionContext', function()
+  local context
+
+  before_each(function() context = ExecutionContext:new() end)
+
+  it('should initialize a new context', function()
+    assert.is.table(context.signals)
+    assert.is.table(context.subscribers)
+  end)
+
+  it('should track signals', function()
+    local signal = Signal:new(0)
+    context:track(signal)
+
+    assert.is.equal(next(context.signals), signal) -- Check if signal is tracked
+  end)
+
+  it('should subscribe to signals', function()
+    local signal = Signal:new(0)
+    local callback_called = false
+
+    context:track(signal)
+    context:subscribe(function() callback_called = true end)
+
+    signal:set(100)
+    assert.is.equal(callback_called, true) -- Callback should be called
+  end)
+
+  it('should dispose tracked signals', function()
+    local signal = Signal:new(0)
+    context:track(signal)
+
+    context:dispose()
+    assert.is.falsy(next(context.signals)) -- Should not have any tracked signals
+  end)
+end)

spec/withbuf.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+require 'luacov'
+local function withbuf(lines, f)
+  vim.go.swapfile = false
+
+  vim.cmd.new()
+  vim.api.nvim_buf_set_lines(0, 0, -1, false, lines)
+  local ok, result = pcall(f)
+  vim.cmd.bdelete { bang = true }
+  if not ok then error(result) end
+end
+return withbuf

u-0.0.0-0.rockspec

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-rockspec_format = '3.0'
-package = 'u'
-version = '0.0.0-0'
-
-source = {
-  url = 'https://github.com/jrop/u.nvim',
-}
-
-dependencies = {
-  'lua = 5.1',
-}
-
-test_dependencies = {
-  'busted == 2.2.0-1',
-  'luacov == 0.16.0-1',
-}

u.nvim-0.2.0-1.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package = "u.nvim"
+version = "0.2.0-1"
+source = {
+   url = "git+https://github.com/jrop/u.nvim"
+}
+description = {
+   summary = "nvim – a powerful Lua library designed to enhance your text manipulation experience in NeoVim, focusing primarily on a context-aware \"Range\" utility.",
+   detailed = "Welcome to u.nvim – a powerful Lua library designed to enhance your text manipulation experience in NeoVim, focusing primarily on a context-aware \"Range\" utility. This utility allows you to work efficiently with text selections based on various conditions, in a variety of contexts, making coding and editing more intuitive and productive.",
+   homepage = "https://github.com/jrop/u.nvim",
+   license = "MIT"
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      ["u.buffer"] = "lua/u/buffer.lua",
+      ["u.codewriter"] = "lua/u/codewriter.lua",
+      ["u.opkeymap"] = "lua/u/opkeymap.lua",
+      ["u.pos"] = "lua/u/pos.lua",
+      ["u.range"] = "lua/u/range.lua",
+      ["u.repeat"] = "lua/u/repeat.lua",
+      ["u.state"] = "lua/u/state.lua",
+      ["u.utils"] = "lua/u/utils.lua"
+   }
+}